Resumo
O ano de 2022 ficou marcado por um aumento mundial do número de casos de infecções pelo vírus monkeypox, sendo considerado a maior disseminação desse vírus para fora do continente africano em todos os tempos. A total compreensão acerca do aumento expressivo do número de casos de monkeypox ainda é desafiadora, pois engloba diversas manifestações clínicas e particularidades que dificultam o correto diagnóstico e o tratamento adequado, aumentando o potencial de transmissão do vírus entre seres humanos. Assim como políticas públicas estão sendo adotadas a fim de diminuir a transmissão do vírus, um alarme também ocorre entre profissionais da saúde que buscam compreender o contexto do aumento expressivo do número de casos em todo mundo, sobretudo em homens jovens. Este trabalho busca elucidar algumas lacunas de conhecimento que ainda existem sobre o tema, como as vias de transmissão da doença, o contexto epidemiológico, as particularidades do manejo clínico das lesões dermatológicas e o advento de novas drogas para tratamento. Para isso, foram utilizadas as bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO, buscando-se artigos publicados desde 1980 até o ano de 2022, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, respeitando-se os critérios de inclusão e exclusão adotados. Apesar de o vírus monkeypox ter sido descrito pela primeira vez em 1970, a literatura envolvendo o assunto ainda é limitada e a sua busca bibliográfica se mostrou um desafio para o autor. Pelo modelo de estratificação PRISMA, foram considerados elegíveis 40 artigos que contribuíram para o resultado do estudo, no qual a via sexual foi apontada como potencial para transmissão da doença, com prevalência de casos em indivíduos jóvens do sexo masculino. Também foi possível identificar características morfológicas do vírus que o permitem sobreviver por mais tempo em superfícies inertes, assim como constatou-se a contribuição da interrupção da vacinação contra varíola para o crescimento expressivo do número de casos. Dessa forma, este estudo mostrou-se eficiente para estabelecer as relações causais que culminaram no aumento da incidência da infecção humana pelo monkeypox mundialmente, assim como contribuiu para elucidação dos protocolos de diagnóstico e de tratamento a fim de auxiliar as condutas médicas envolvendo a doença.
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