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PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES OF DEPENDENCE OF NARCISSISM ON

PERSONALITY TYPE

Vusal Alguliyev1

Abstract: The article examines the psychological issues of dependence on the personality type of

narcissism. It was found that among the respondents with a negative self-concept, lack of empathy and

envy of others’ achievements are more common. Here the sensitive side of narcissism is more evident.

The inuence of the dark side personality type and narcissistic personality traits on self-attitude

factors is negative, except for a great sense of self-worth and belief in one’s own uniqueness. Research

has shown that a great sense of self-worth and belief in one’s uniqueness are protective. It is a barrier

not only to external threats, but also to innate ego threats. Research has shown that the relationship

between self-attitude and narcissistic traits reects the deep conicts of the narcissistic personality

between grandiosity and vulnerability, as well as the desire to protect opinions.

Keywords: narcissism, personality type, self-attitude, empathy, contradictions

Introduction

As human civilization develops, the requirements for a person’s personality become more

and more complex and diverse. In modern times, the human psyche is faced with the need to cope

with dynamic tasks related to both the complexity of social relations and the increase in the number of

social roles played by the same person. In such a situation, self-emphasis, self-esteem, etc. narcissistic

aspects emerge, which can create serious deciencies in the sphere of society’s relations and the

1 Student doctorant in the philosophy program at Odlar Yurdu University, Baku, Azerbaijan

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4367-5202

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individual’s creative system (Jabbarov et.al, 2023; Kamila et.al, 2021; Vakil, 2020).

Currently, in a continuous monomorphic environment, it is impossible to nd a single person

belonging to xed values or evaluation system. Our modern mental world is multifactorial, and

various factors of this world have a signicant impact on the personality, its structure and interactions

with other individuals. These inuences change the characteristics of his personality or reconstruct it

according to the environment. The harmonious combination of all the necessary and desirable roles,

as well as successful adaptation to all the demands of the modern world, is increasingly failing, which

causes disappointment. In such conditions and at such a level of demands, a number of violations,

including narcissistic changes, begin to manifest in the individual.

Family upbringing, including demands from society, often lead to a person’s narcissistic

behavior. The increase of narcissism leads not only to the increase of aggressiveness and harsh

relations towards different people in society, but also to the violation and often deformation of the

individual’s personality and its structure (Wetzel and Robins, 2014; Zitek and Jordan, 2016; Pavlova,

2010; Shamsikova and Shamsikova, 2011). on the other hand, it creates a foundation for the prevention

of the attempt to deform, and on the other hand, the improvement of social relations and the adequate

organization of activities. Taking into account these aspects, we considered it appropriate to study

narcissism.

Literature review

In research on narcissism, two areas attract more attention. One is sensitive narcissism

and the other is a study of grandiose narcissism. It should be noted that sensitive narcissism has

been less studied than the other. In addition to the sense of uniqueness common to both dimensions

of narcissism, a tendency toward hypersensitive and anxious behavior is described. In contrast to

grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism also involves marked self-centeredness, low self-esteem,

shyness, social withdrawal, and emotional vulnerability. Recent studies [Treadway et al,, 2017; Vohs

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& Finkel, 2022; Coleman et al., 2019; Wang & Jiang, 2014); Wetzel and Robins, 2016; Zagenczyk et

al. 2017.;Zitek, & Jordan, 2016.] show that vulnerable narcissism is more detrimental to mental health

than grandiose narcissism. It is associated with psychological problems and the use of inappropriate

emotion regulation strategies such as aggression.

Most experts believe that the narcissistic personality disorder in DSM 5 refers to grandiose

narcissism rather than sensitive narcissism. It should also be noted that now almost any society is

developing towards greater competition on the one hand, and standardization on the other. Considering

such an aspect, Horni (2001) believed that in society, “individual competition is in the rst place, it

is built on our culture. The economic principle of competition affects human relations by pushing

one person to ght with another, one to be superior to another.” Economic success is approved and

reinforced by public opinion, and failure, on the contrary, is condemned and greatly reduces the self-

esteem of the “loser”, creates a sense of shame and disappointment, and changes his image for the

worse [Horni, 2001]. In addition, as noted by Fromm (1998), modern society increasingly treats people

as products with certain consumer characteristics, thereby forcing people to evaluate themselves

in terms of market criteria. For the psyche of some people, the unsatisfactory nature of such an

evaluation can be very traumatic, and when a person ceases to perceive himself as an “independent

being”, his “self-esteem and sense of self-worth disappear” [Fromm, 1998]. Given the growth of

narcissism, both personal and public narcissism, it is important to have periodic updates in the study

of this problem. It is this factor that makes the study of narcissism insufciently systematic and the

importance of studying it.

Methodology

It should be noted that although the study of the psychological characteristics of the narcissistic

personality is of great importance from a theoretical point of view, it is not enough to study or analyze

its characteristics without conducting an experimental study. The following methods were used in

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the research:

1. “A Short Big Five Survey.” Here are the personality traits that characterize a person.

The questionnaire consists of 5 scales: extraversion; goodwill; awareness; neuroticism; openness to

experience. The numbers of the terms evaluated for each of these scales are shown and do not cause

difculties when calculating the result.

2. “Short survey of the dark trinity (SD3)” methodology (Egorova, et al. 2009).

The methodology consists of 3 steps:

1. Machiavellian scale.

2. Narcissism scale.

3. Psychopathy scale.

3. “Narcissistic personality traits” methodology (Shamshikova and Klepikova, 2010).

The methodology consists of 66 provisions. The technique includes 9 scales reecting narcissistic

personality traits.

4. “Self-attitude questionnaire”. The questionnaire consists of 57 judgments. It consists of

two response standards. The indicator for each factor is calculated by summing the statements that

the subject agrees with, if included in the factor with a positive sign, and if included in the factor with

a negative sign, the statements that the subject does not agree with are taken into account. The “raw

score” obtained for each factor is transformed according to the tables to convert it to accumulated

frequencies (%). The methodology consists of 12 steps. 165 students participated in our research.

Special attention was paid to ethical rules, selection of participants and statistical processing of data

necessary in the research.

Results

In our research, along with the study of the psychological characteristics of narcissism,

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attention was also paid to their dependence on the personality type. For this purpose, quantitative and

qualitative samples were used. We can learn whether the approach used in the study can explain the

relationship between narcissistic traits and self-attitude within a variable-centered approach. Because

failing to prevent or try to reduce narcissism in students can hinder the development of social skills

by stiing the demands they make to feel safe, as well as positive behaviors for others. The statistical

description of the answers given by the respondents to the question about nancial status suggests that

most of the participants are at an average nancial level. This indicator is also reected in the rate.

Table 1. Indicators of respondents nancial situation

6.7 percent of the respondents (11 people) did not answer the question about nancial situation

and 93 percent gave information about their nancial situation. 111 of the participants stated that their

nancial situation was at an average level. 10.39 percent of the respondents evaluated their nancial

situation as high, 17.53 percent as low, and 72.08 percent as average. This shows that there is no

serious polarization among the respondents in terms of nancial situation, respondents with normal

nancial situation are the majority.

Table 2. Statistical analysis of the scales of the “Shadow Three” methodology

Level Frequency Percentage Valid interest Interest accrued

Low 27 16.4 17.5 17.5

Medium 111 67.3 72.1 89.6

High 16 9.7 10.4 100.0

Total 154 93.3 100.0 -

Unanswered 11 6.7 - -

Total 165 100.0 - -

Scales NTotal Score Average Score

Psychopathy 165 3559 21.57

Machiavellianism 165 3568 21.62

Narcissism 165 5005 30.33

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The measurement of Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy variables by means of

the “short questionnaire of the shadowy trinity” shows that the variable of narcissism is expressed

with a higher score, while the variable of psychopathy is expressed with a lower score.

The mathematical expression of the three variables divided by the “Dark Triad Short

Questionnaire” can be given as follows: narcissism > Machiavellianism > psychopathy. This means

that narcissus is more prominent in juniper than other jackals.

Table 3. Correlations between the elements of the “Dark Triad”.

Note: **. The correlation has a two-sided relationship at the 0.01 level

The analysis of the data on the “short questionnaire of the dark trinity” shows that there

is a relationship between two variables out of the three variables measured by this questionnaire

(Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy). There is no statistically signicant relationship between

the psychopathy variable and the other two variables (because here it was P=0.369 and 0.249). However,

there is a relationship between Machiavellianism and narcissism, where P=0.000, which indicates that

there is a statistically signicant relationship between the two variables at the 0.01 level.

Here, the negative “Pearson correlation” indicates the existence of a negative relationship

between the two variables. That is, the increase of one variable is accompanied by the decrease

Scales Machiavellianism Narcissism Psychopathy

Machiavellianism

Pearson Correlation 1-.294** -.070

Sig. (2-tailed) - .000 .369

N165 165 165

Narcissism

Pearson Correlation -.294** 1-.090

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 -.249

N165 165 165

Psychopathy

Pearson Correlation -.070 -.090 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .369 .249 -

N165 165 165

Scales Machiavellianism Narcissism Psychopathy

Great sense of self-worth

Pearson Correlation -.174* .408** -.291**

Sig. (2-tailed) .026 .000 .000

N165 165 165

Dealing with fantasies

Pearson Correlation -.193* .397** .004

Sig. (2-tailed) .013 .000 .963

N165 165 165

Belief in one’s own

uniqueness

Pearson Correlation .175* .080 -.049

Sig. (2-tailed) .025 .309 .530

N165 165 165

The need for constant

attention and admiration

Pearson Correlation -.034 .168* -.026

Sig. (2-tailed) .668 .031 .737

N165 165 165

Expectation of special

treatment

Pearson Correlation -.189* -.052 .051

Sig. (2-tailed) .015 .505 .516

N165 165 165

Interpersonal manipulation Pearson Correlation -.075 -.152 -.289**

Sig. (2-tailed) .336 .052 .000

N165 165 165

Having empathy Pearson Correlation .169* -.502** .322**

Sig. (2-tailed) .030 .000 .000

N165 165 165

Feelings of envy Pearson Correlation -.123 -.225** .087

Sig. (2-tailed) .116 .004 .264

N165 165 165

Bold arrogant behavior Pearson Correlation .344** -.214** .234**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .006 .003

N165 165 165

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of another. Among the 9 characteristics studied by means of the “Narcissistic Personality Traits”

questionnaire, the “self-esteem” characteristic was expressed with a high score, while the “bold-

arrogant behavior” variable was expressed with a lower score. The second variable with the highest

score was “need for constant attention” and the second variable with the lowest score was “the

presence of empathy”.

Table 4. Indicators of the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and elements of the

shadow triad

Scales Machiavellianism Narcissism Psychopathy

Great sense of self-worth

Pearson Correlation -.174* .408** -.291**

Sig. (2-tailed) .026 .000 .000

N165 165 165

Dealing with fantasies

Pearson Correlation -.193* .397** .004

Sig. (2-tailed) .013 .000 .963

N165 165 165

Belief in one’s own

uniqueness

Pearson Correlation .175* .080 -.049

Sig. (2-tailed) .025 .309 .530

N165 165 165

The need for constant

attention and admiration

Pearson Correlation -.034 .168* -.026

Sig. (2-tailed) .668 .031 .737

N165 165 165

Expectation of special

treatment

Pearson Correlation -.189* -.052 .051

Sig. (2-tailed) .015 .505 .516

N165 165 165

Interpersonal manipulation Pearson Correlation -.075 -.152 -.289**

Sig. (2-tailed) .336 .052 .000

N165 165 165

Having empathy Pearson Correlation .169* -.502** .322**

Sig. (2-tailed) .030 .000 .000

N165 165 165

Feelings of envy Pearson Correlation -.123 -.225** .087

Sig. (2-tailed) .116 .004 .264

N165 165 165

Bold arrogant behavior Pearson Correlation .344** -.214** .234**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .006 .003

N165 165 165

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Note: Correlation at ** 0.01, * 0.05 level is two-sided.

Whether or not there is a relationship between narcissistic personality traits and elements of

the shadowy trinity (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy) was determined using correlation

analysis. The analysis of related data shows that there is a strong relationship between “sense of

self-worth” and all 3 elements of the shadowy trinity. Here, the relationship between “self-worth”

and Machiavellianism is signicant at the 0.05 level since P=0.026, but the negative “Pearson

correlation” indicates that there is an inverse relationship between the two variables. High self-esteem

is accompanied by low Machiavellianism. There is a signicant positive relationship between “sense

of self-worth” and narcissism, and P=0.000 indicates that the relationship between these two variables

is signicant at the 0.01 level. There is an inverse relationship between “sense of self-worth” and

psychopathy. Thus, the inverse relationship between these two variables (Pearson’s coefcient -0.291)

was P=0.000, which means that the relationship between the two variables is statistically signicant

at the 0.01 level.

A connection between Machiavellianism and narcissism is observed with the personality

characteristic of “dealing with fantasies”. Thus, the presence of P=0.013 indicates that there is a

serious relationship between the characteristic of “dealing with fantasies” and the variable of

Machiavellianism, and this relationship is signicant at the level of 0.05. But the relationship between

the two variables is an inverse relationship. The relationship between the characteristic of “engaging

in fantasies” and the variable of narcissism is also a signicant positive relationship at the 0.01 level,

as P=0.000.

“Belief in one’s own uniqueness” is only related to Machiavellianism. Since P=0.025, it can be

said that there is a direct relationship between “belief in one’s own uniqueness” and Machiavellianism

variables, and this relationship is statistically signicant at the level of 0.05.

There is also a relationship between the “need for attention and admiration” variable and

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the narcissism variable. So here it was P=0.031. This shows that the relationship between the two

variables is signicant at the 0.05 level.

It is possible to observe that there is a statistically signicant relationship between “expectation

of special treatment” and Machiavellianism variable. Considering that P=0.015, it can be said that the

relationship between these two variables is signicant at the 0.05 level and at the same time there is

an inverse relationship between these variables.

There is an inverse relationship between “interpersonal manipulation” and the psychopathy

variable. Here, P=0.000, which suggests that the relationship between the two variables is signicant

and statistically signicant at the 0.01 level.

There is an inverse relationship between “being empathetic” narcissism, and a direct

relationship between Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Since p=0.000, we can say that the

relationship between “empathy” and narcissism and psychopathy is signicant at the 0.01 level, and

since p=0.30, the relationship between “empathy” and Machiavellianism is signicant at the 0.05

level.

There is also a signicant relationship between “feeling of envy” and narcissism, and since

P=0.004, the relationship between these two variables is signicant at the 0.01 level, and the negative

“Pearson’s coefcient” indicates that there is an inverse relationship between the two variables.

A strong connection is also observed between “bold, arrogant behavior” and the elements

of the shadowy trinity (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy). Here, p=0.000 means that the

direct relationship between Machiavellianism and “bold, arrogant behavior” is signicant at the 0.01

level, P=0.006 means that the inverse relationship between narcissism and “bold, arrogant behavior”

is signicant at the 0.01 level, and P=0.003 means “bold, arrogant behavior ” indicates that the direct

relationship between psychopathy is signicant at the 0.01 level.

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Table 5. Indicators of interaction of narcissistic personality traits (elements).

Note: Correlation at ** 0.01, * 0.05 level is two-sided.

Scales It is in itself Dealing with

fantasies

Belief in

one’s own

uniqueness

The need

for constant

attention and

admiration

It is in itself

Pearson Correlation 1.491** .213** .191*

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .006 .014

N165 165 165 165

Dealing with

fantasies

Pearson Correlation .491** 1.204** .179*

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .008 .021

N165 165 165 165

Belief in one’s

own uniqueness

Pearson Correlation .213** .204** 1.327**

Sig. (2-tailed) .006 .008 .000

N165 165 165 165

The need for

constant attention

and admiration

Pearson Correlation .191* .179* .327** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .014 .021 .000

N165 165 165 165

Expecting special

treatment

Pearson Correlation .280** .442** -.190* .087

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .014 .264

N165 165 165 165

Interpersonal

manipulation

Pearson Correlation .391** .114 .234** .502**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .145 .002 .000

N165 165 165 165

Having empathy

Pearson Correlation .040 .016 .229** .217**

Sig. (2-tailed) .610 .842 .003 .005

N165 165 165 165

Feelings of envy

Pearson Correlation .200** .049 .178* .195*

Sig. (2-tailed) .010 .535 .023 .012

N165 165 165 165

Brave behavior

Pearson Correlation .039 .014 .297** .200*

Sig. (2-tailed) .622 .859 .000 .010

N165 165 165 165

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The interrelationship of narcissistic personality traits was also one of the topics we determined

during the research. According to the obtained results, there is a relationship between the feeling of

“self-worth” and the variable “indulging in fantasies” (P=0.000), as well as the feeling of “self-worth”

and “belief in one’s own uniqueness” (P=0.006) and “need for attention and admiration” (P= 0.014)

and there is a direct relationship between the variables and this relationship is signicant at the 0.05

level.

There is also a direct relationship between the variable “engaging in fantasies” and the

variables “belief in one’s own uniqueness” (P=0.008) and “need for attention and admiration”

(P=0.021), and this relationship is signicant at the 0.05 level. There is also a direct relationship

between the variables “belief in one’s own uniqueness” and “need for attention and admiration”

(P=0.000), and this relationship is signicant at the 0.01 level.

A relationship is observed between the variable “expectation of special treatment” and the

variable “self-worth” (P=0.000), the variable “engaging in fantasies” (P=0.000) and the variable “belief

in one’s own uniqueness” (P=0.014). The relationship between “expectation of special treatment” and

“need for constant attention and admiration” is not observed.

The relationship between “manipulation in interpersonal relationship” variable and “self-

worth” variable (P=0.000), “belief in own uniqueness” variable (P=0.002) and “need for constant

attention and admiration” variable (P=0.000) is observed. The relationship between “manipulation in

interpersonal relationships” and “engaging in fantasies” is not observed.

There is no relationship between the variable “having empathy” and the variable “self-worth”

and the variable “engaging in fantasies”. However, the relationship between the variable “Empathy”

and the variable “belief in one’s own uniqueness” (P=0.003) and the variable “need for constant

attention and admiration” (P=0.005) is observed, and this relationship is signicant at the 0.01 level.

Although no relationship was observed between the variable “feelings of envy” and the

variable “self-worth” and the variable “engaging in fantasies”, the relationship between the variable

“belief in one’s own uniqueness” (P=0.023) and the variable “need for constant attention and

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admiration” (P=0.012) was observed. is observed and this relationship is signicant at the 0.05 level.

Although there is no relationship between the variable “bold and arrogant behavior” and the

variable “self-esteem” and the variable “indulging in fantasies”, there is a correlation between the

variable “belief in one’s own uniqueness” (P=0.000) and the variable “need for constant attention and

admiration” (P=0.010) there is a connection.

Discussion and Conclusion

Our research coincides with many studies devoted to narcissism (Clemens et al, 2022; Besser

and Zeigler-Hill, 2010; Cramer, 2017; Roche et al., 2013; Jabbarov et.al, 2022; Zitek and Jordan, 2013

). But it also contradicts a number of studies. Our research showed that when studying self-attitude

and narcissistic personality traits, signicant relationships were identied between self-attitude, dark

triad, and narcissistic personality traits.

The study showed that there is a positive relationship between self-interest and self-sympathy

scales. These relationships are mainly narcissism (shadowy triad), great sense of self-importance,

fantasy, belief in one’s own uniqueness, need for admiration, etc. closely related to The analysis

showed that the belief in one’s own uniqueness was positively related to the attitude expected from

others. The relationship between positive aspects of self-attitude and personality traits reected in the

Big Five is positive. These relationships characterize the personality as socially oriented, cooperative,

responsible and emotionally balanced. Therefore, a positive, accepting attitude towards oneself is a

natural result of such personal preconditions. Extraversion supports increased narcissistic traits. The

meaning of this relationship seems to be the need for action and recognition, which is characteristic

of the grandiose aspect of narcissism and related behavior. This can be considered the basis for

narcissistic fantasies and the search for a community to spread its inuence. The relationship of

narcissistic personality traits to various aspects of self-attitudes is reected in perceptions of oneself

as a special person with special privileges and rights, and in the desire to avoid painful experiences,

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weakness, and inferiority.

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