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PROFILE OF DEATHS BY SUICIDE IN THE FEDERAL DISTRICT, BE-
TWEEN 2010 AND 2012. A STUDY ACCORDING TO THE LEGAL MEDI-
CAL INSTITUTE OF THE FEDERAL DISTRICT
Lorena M. Leite1
Maria José V. Sobrinho2
Abraão Gomes de Abreu3
Aline Andrade Almeida 4
Andressa de Souza Nogueira5
Edis Rodrigues Junior6
Flavio Boralli Massulini7
Glenya Gilkla da Silva Abreu8
José de Ribamar de Campos Aroucha9
Luanna Elvira de Medeiros10
Lyssandra Vecentin11
Stael Jesus Rocha12
Thamyres Kryssia Bastos Teles13
1 Biomedical ICESP | University Center Federal District
2 Biomedical ICESP | University Center Federal District
3 (UCP) - Medicina Universidad Central de Paraguay
4 (UCP) - Medicina Universidad Central de Paraguay
5 Nurse - University Center of the Federal District (UDF)
6 Medicine UB Universidade Brasil SP
7 (UCP) - Medicina Universidad Central de Paraguay
8 (UCP) - Medicina Universidad Central de Paraguay
9 (UCP) - Medicina Universidad Central de Paraguay
10 Medicine - Afya - Faculty of Medical Sciences of Itabuna
11 Medicine University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL)
12 Medicine - Unesulbahia Faculdades Integradas do Extremo Sul da Bahia
13 (UCP) - Medicina Universidad Central de Paraguay
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Thays Roiz Casarín14
Juliana Oliveira de Toledo15
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to identify the prole of deaths by suicide in the
Federal District, between 2010 to 2012. It is a quantitative, descriptive study, whose data were collected
in the Forensic Medicine Institute of the Federal District. The prole of deaths by suicide evidenced in
the research was constituted by men, young adults, singles, with consumption of some drugs in 39.6%
for both genders, being the most used the hanging, with higher incidence on Monday, day shift. The
incidence of deaths was 10/100 thousand inhabitants in the evaluated period. The region showed up
with the prole similar to that presented in other studies, national and international levels, drawing
attention to the increase in the death rate by suicide in the DF, which almost doubled, requiring
detailed analysis of the causes of this increase.
Keywords: mortality, Suicide, drugs
14 Medicina - UNIDA - Universidad de La Integración de Las Américas
15 Biomedical PUC-Goiás and ABMDF and Medicine UB Universidade Brasil SP senior resear-
cher
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS) recognize
suicide as a public health problem, dening it as an intentional act by an individual to extinguish their
own life. The WHO has intensied its actions in relation to suicide, highlighting its prevalence and
the urgent need for prevention at the global level (World Health Organization, 2014; Brazil, 2005).
Since the nineteenth century, attempts to understand the causes of suicide have been made,
with psychiatrist Philippe Pinel being one of the rst to theorize on the subject, followed by his
disciple Esquirol, who, in 1927, stated that suicide had the characteristics of mental alienations and
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that, normally, only in a delusional state would the individual commit such an act. For him, suicide
should be treated with understanding for prevention, rather than punishment (Barrero et al., 2006).
More recently, researchers have discussed suicide as a multifactorial phenomenon that involves not
only psychological conditions, but also social and biological factors (Wasserman et al., 2018).
Sociologist Émile Durkheim, in his work Suicide, associated suicide with a social issue,
arguing that the loss of traditional values and social identity could affect the individual’s self-concept,
making them more vulnerable to self-extermination (World Health Organization, 2012). Over time,
the understanding of suicide has expanded to include contemporary social dynamics. In Brazil, there
is growing concern about the increase in suicide rates, especially among the young population, and
the country ranks ninth among the ten countries with the highest suicide rates, with about 25 suicides
per day (Vieira et al., 2020).
Suicide continues to be a relevant public health problem, affecting all social classes. Although
there are strategies to prevent and treat the phenomenon, the topic is still surrounded by social taboos,
which hinders its open discussion and the implementation of effective policies (Ribeiro et al., 2019).
Studies indicate that, in 2000, about one million people died by suicide in the world, with a notable
prevalence in the age groups of 15 to 44 years. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in several
countries, and in some regions, such as in the 10-24 age group, it is the second leading cause of death
(Silva et al., 2019).
Factors such as unemployment, poverty, the loss of loved ones, and family problems have
been linked to increased risk of suicide. However, other aspects, such as substance abuse, the
availability of means to commit the act, social isolation, and mental disorders such as depression,
continue to be considered key determinants (Martins et al., 2021; Lopes et al., 2020). Suicide is a
complex and multifactorial issue, which prevents the formulation of simple or single explanations for
its phenomenon (McAllister et al., 2020).
Suicide rates vary signicantly between countries. According to the most recent data,
countries such as Lithuania, Russia, and China have some of the highest rates, while Islamic countries,
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such as Egypt, have the lowest global rates (Popov et al., 2021). Globally, men have higher suicide
rates than women, in a ratio of 3:1 to 7.5:1, with the exception of countries such as China and India,
where rates between genders are more balanced (Zhang et al., 2020).
In Brazil, the different regional realities require a specic epidemiological analysis for suicide,
with the aim of developing prevention strategies adapted to each socioeconomic context (Santos et
al., 2022). In response to this challenge, the Brazilian Ministry of Health implemented the National
Strategy for Suicide Prevention in 2005, with the aim of reducing suicide rates in the country. In
addition, in 2012, the Health Department of the Federal District (SES/DF) created the District Policy
for Suicide Prevention, in line with the WHO guidelines for dealing with the problem (Ministry of
Health, 2015; Federal District, 2012).
The Federal District, with a population of approximately 2.5 million inhabitants, has diverse
socioeconomic characteristics, which makes the local analysis of suicide rates even more relevant.
This study aimed to identify the prole of deaths by suicide in the Federal District between 2010 and
2012, with a view to formulating preventive strategies to reduce this rate. Specically, the objectives
were to analyze the characteristics of suicide victims, such as substance use, age group, gender, marital
status and period of death recorded by the IML-DF between the years 2010 and 2012 (Brasil, 2013).
Materials and Methods
This is a quantitative, descriptive, retrospective study that aimed to describe the prole of all
deaths by suicide examined by the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IML) of the Federal District, which
occurred from January 2010 to December 2012, covering all 31 administrative regions.
The information was collected through the IML-DF electronic database. The variables were
analyzed, namely, gender, age group, police station/circumscription of death registration (locality),
marital status, interval at the time of death, means used for the act, as well as the use of legal and
illegal drugs/medicines concomitant with the event. To this end, the information was organized and
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tabulated in the Excel spreadsheet and calculations of the percentage distribution were performed
according to the categories mentioned above. To calculate the incidence rates, the populations available
from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Planning Company of the
Federal District (CODEPLAN) were used.
The project was submitted to the Ethics Committee of the Educational Association of Brazil-
Soebras/Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas (Funorte), following the standards of resolution
number 196/96 of the National Health Council (CNS). Received a substantiated opinion approved
on May 27, 2013, under the number 285.314 and Certicate of Presentation for Ethical Appreciation
(CAAE): 11063113.7.0000.5141.
The exclusion criteria were deaths that occurred in the period analyzed, but with a legal
cause of death other than suicide, and for toxicological tests, only cases that were positive for some of
the drugs/medications or metabolites. Considering that electronic data were used retrospectively and
from dead individuals, in addition to the fact that there was no disclosure of personal data, the use of
the free and informed consent form was waived.
The risks were minimal to the research participants, as it was an analysis of information
extracted from electronic databases. It is ratied that all protective and ethical measures related to
the condentiality of information and the anonymity of the research subjects were fully adopted and
respected.
Findings
A total of 265 cases of suicide were examined at the IML-DF between 2010 and 2012. In
the rst year, there were 109 (41.13%) deaths, while in the second, 74 (27.93%) and in the third, 82
(30.94%), with an annual average of 88 deaths.
In the distribution by gender, it was observed that 212 cases (80.0%) were male and 53
(20.0%) were female. Although the incidence of suicide among women remained stable in the last two
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years, there was a small increase among men in the last year analyzed, as shown in Table 1. The ratio
of suicides of men to women was 4:1.
Table 1 - Distribution by gender, age range and year of deaths by suicide examined at the IML-DF in
the period from 2010 to 2012 (n=265).
Source: Forensic Medical Institute-DF/ Section of Informatics, Planning and Statistics/Civil Police of
the Federal District.
In the three-year period studied, regarding the analysis by age group, there was a predominance
of young adults (20-24; 25-29; 30-34; 35-39 and 40-44), representing 59.7% of deaths by suicide,
followed by the 50-54 and 55-59 age groups (11.6%).
Em idosos (60-64; 65-69 e ≥ 70), houve oscilação ao longo dos três anos, porém com maior
prevalência, 11,7%, comparado aos adolescentes (10-14 e 15-19), que representaram 9,1% dos casos,
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ou seja, o grupo etário com menor incidência de suicídio, conforme Tabela 1. A média de idade dos
casos estudados foi de 38,7 (DP = 16,33).
When analyzing marital status and gender, according to Graph 1, the cases were grouped
as follows: those who did not have a stable union (single, separated/divorced and widowed) were in a
group, of which they represent 74% of the cases, with 63% single, 8% separated and 3% widowed. The
second group was represented by individuals with a stable union, adding up to 25% of the cases. One
per cent of the cases studied did not have information on marital status. Of the singles, 51% were male
and 12% female, and women always present themselves in a smaller proportion than men.
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The distribution of deaths by suicide by day of the week was carried out, as shown in Graph
2, as follows: Monday and Sunday, with 42 (16%) and 37 (14%) respectively, with 1% on Mondays
without the dened time. Then Saturday with 13%, Tuesday and Thursday with 12% each, Friday
with 11%, Wednesday with 9%. Of the cases analyzed, 13% did not have information about the day of
death and/or the time. There is a higher incidence of suicide cases from Saturday to Monday, with the
middle of the week, Wednesday, being the period with the lowest incidence of the event.
Regarding the shift in which the suicides occurred, in 33 cases (12%) it was not possible to
obtain this information. During the day (from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) there were 122 (46%) of the
deaths and during the night, 110 (42%).
In the distribution by gender, in relation to toxicological tests, of the 265 cases, 60.4% (161)
individuals were obtained who did not t the inclusion criteria, that is, they did not have a positive
result for any licit or illicit drug/medication, which also within this universe, did not contain any
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information, being 47.7% (127) male and 12.7% (34) female, and for cases positive for drugs or
medications, The results obtained were 39.6% (104), of which 32.3% (84) were male and 7.3% (19)
female.
Regarding the positive toxicological tests, described in Table 2, licit drugs such as
amphetamine, barbiturates and opiates were in a percentage below 5%, while ethanol had a prominent
consumption of 41.32% in the last three years, while illicit and psychotropic drugs such as cocaine
and the compound (cocaine + ethanol) reached the second group, both with a percentage of 18.26%.
Benzodiazepines, the third group with 5.76%, according to Table 2, are the most evident in the
complementary process of self-extermination.
Table 2 - Distribution by licit or illicit drugs/medicines of positive reports in the period from 2010 to
2012, (n = 104).
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Source: Forensic Medical Institute – DF/ Informatics, Planning and Statistics Section/Civil Police of
the Federal District.
Of the means used to commit suicide described in Graph 3, the most prevalent was hanging
with 135 (51%) of the cases, 118 (45%) of which were committed by men and 17 (6%) women, followed
by rearms with 25 (9%) cases, 23 (8%) men and 2 (1%) women, then height projection with 22 (8%),
with 15 (5%) men and 7 (3%) women. With fewer occurrences, poisoning/intoxication, charring and
drowning were found, all with 1% for both genders, except drowning, which did not have deaths in
women using this method. In 27% of the cases, it was not possible to obtain such data.
According to the legislation in force in Brazil (Law No. 015, of 12/31/73, with amendments
introduced by Law No. 6,216, of 06/30/75), it is determined that the death must always be registered
at the place of death (BRASIL, 1975).
In this context, we sought to distribute the analyzed cases within the 31 (thirty-one)
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Administrative Regions (RA). However, it was observed that not all Administrative Regions had
police stations, while others had more than one, making it difcult to distribute suicide cases by AR.
As a way to overcome this difculty, it was adopted that regions with more than one police
station would be analyzed with the sum of the cases of each police station and, in regions where there
was no police station, the responsible police station was researched. Therefore, the deaths and the
respective fraction of the population estimate of the region analyzed were added to another region
with a police station, with the regions mentioned in Graph 4.
The Mortality from External Causes/Suicide rate was obtained through the quotient between
suicide deaths that occurred in a given geographic region, the time period, and the population of the
same unit estimated at the middle of the period.
Calculating the mortality coefcient due to External Causes/Suicide, which provides the
number of suicides per 100 thousand inhabitants over the three years, and considering the total
population of the Federal District of 2,654,922 inhabitants, according to data from CODEPLAN (2013)
in the same period, the results shown in Graph 4 were obtained. The coefcient averaged 10 suicides
per 100,000 inhabitants over three years, but proportionally to each year, the following results were
obtained: in 2010 (4.11), 2011 (2.79) and 2012 (3.09).
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Discussion
Analyzing the entire population of the Federal District, the suicide numbers presented
an average of 3.3/100,000 for each year studied, which is below the Brazilian average, which is
4.5/100,000 inhabitants, which, on a global scale, can be considered low (BARROS; OLIVE TREE;
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MARÍN-LEON, 2004).
In general, suicide mortality rates in the Federal District showed a considerable decrease
between 2010 and 2011, but with a slight increase in the following year, 2012. In the study by Viana
(2008), whose analysis took place from 2001 to 2005, in the region of Amurel, Rio Grande do Sul,
with data from the Forensic Medical Institute (IML), 19 cases of suicide were observed in 2001 and
14 cases in 2002. However, in consecutive years, there was a gradual increase in these values, as well
as in the population, with 16 cases in 2003, 23 in 2004 and 26 in 2005.
With regard to gender, it was shown that there were many more male suicides (80%) than
women (20%). In another study, it was described that they predominated in the ve years studied, with
78 cases (79.6%) of the 98 suicides analyzed (VIANA et al., 2008). Other studies also show that rates
are higher in males in all Latin American countries, ranging from 6 to 10 per 100,000 men and 2 to 4
per 100,000 women (MINAYO; SOUZA, 2003; MINAYO, 2005; SILVA et al., 2021).
Some factors may explain the lower occurrence of suicide among women, such as greater
involvement in religious and social issues, less dependence on alcohol, or even the performance of
roles during life, such as mother and wife. In addition, women recognize earlier signs that can lead to
depression, suicide and mental illness, often seeking help in times of crisis. On the other hand, men
are more sensitive to economic problems such as impoverishment and unemployment, for example, in
addition to predisposing behaviors, such as competitiveness and precipitation, in addition to greater
access to violent forms of lethality (OLIVEIRA et al., 2022; MENEGHEL et al., 2004).
Analyzing the entire population of the Federal District, the suicide numbers presented
an average of 3.3/100,000 for each year studied, which is below the Brazilian average, which is
4.5/100,000 inhabitants, which, on a global scale, can be considered low (BARROS; OLIVE TREE;
MARÍN-LEON, 2004).
In general, suicide mortality rates in the Federal District showed a considerable decrease
between 2010 and 2011, but with a slight increase in the following year, 2012. In the study by Viana et
al. (2008), whose analysis took place from 2001 to 2005, in the region of Amurel, Rio Grande do Sul,
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with data from the Forensic Medical Institute (IML), 19 cases of suicide were observed in 2001 and
14 cases in 2002. However, in consecutive years, there was a gradual increase in these values, as well
as in the population, with 16 cases in 2003, 23 in 2004 and 26 in 2005.
With regard to gender, it was shown that there were many more male suicides (80%) than
women (20%). In another study, it was described that they predominated in the ve years studied, with
78 cases (79.6%) of the 98 suicides analyzed (VIANA et al., 2008). Other studies also show that rates
are higher in males in all Latin American countries, ranging from 6 to 10 per 100,000 men and 2 to 4
per 100,000 women (MINAYO; SOUZA, 2003; MINAYO, 2005; SILVA et al., 2021).
Some factors may explain the lower occurrence of suicide among women, such as greater
involvement in religious and social issues, less dependence on alcohol, or even the performance of
roles during life, such as mother and wife. In addition, women recognize earlier signs that can lead to
depression, suicide and mental illness, often seeking help in times of crisis. On the other hand, men
are more sensitive to economic problems such as impoverishment and unemployment, for example, in
addition to predisposing behaviors, such as competitiveness and precipitation, in addition to greater
access to violent forms of lethality (OLIVEIRA et al., 2022; MENEGHEL et al., 2004).
On the other hand, women make more suicide attempts than men, who are more effective in
their acts because they use more radical methods, while the former use medication, which often does
not lead to death (SILVA et al., 2021).
When the age group is evaluated, it was shown that between 20 and 44 years old there
were 59.7% of the 265 deaths, verifying that young adults were the ones who committed suicide the
most. Another study showed that, in São Paulo, the age group of young adults (25-44 years of age) is
responsible for 45% of all deaths by suicide (VIANA et al., 2008), showing a higher prevalence, as in
the present study.
Regarding marital status, cases that did not have a stable union (single, separated/divorced and
widowed) represent 74% of the cases; married, 25% and not informed, 1%. This fact was conrmed in
Fortaleza, by a study on the epidemiology of suicide, in the period from 1999 to 2008 (n=1299), where
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it showed the highest incidence in singles (66.7%), followed by married people (27.4%) and widowed
(3.1%) (OLIVEIRA et al., 2022).
The days with the highest prevalence were Monday (16%) and Sunday (14%). It is veried in
the literature that the days of the week with the highest number of occurrences for suicide attempts are
Sunday and Monday, although, for completed cases of suicide, it was observed that Monday presents
about 21%, followed by Wednesday and Friday, with about 18% for both (MINAYO, 2005).
The most observed shift was the daytime shift, with 46% of the cases. The night shift
presented 42%, in 2% there was no information on the shift and 10% did not obtain information on
the shift and day. In Costa Rica, from 1980 to 1996, 26 deaths by suicide were identied in children
up to 13 years old, of these, 17 (65%) were recorded from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. and 9 (35%) were
recorded from 7:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. (SILVA et al., 2021), corroborating this work.
It is also claried that the drugs commonly researched in the IML-DF are cocaine, marijuana,
benzodiazepines, amphetamines, barbiturates and opiates, whose analysis takes place in the urine;
ethanol, from a blood sample; and, eventually, when there is a previous suspicion, the medico-legal
expertise proceeds to the search for poisoning, carried out from the gastric contents or viscera. Thus,
a positive result for the drugs analyzed in the urine matrix may correspond to consumption carried out
not only on the day of death, but also in the last 3 to 5 days prior to the event. On the other hand, the
ethanol and poisoning surveys correspond to consumption very close to the time of death.
Ethanol, despite being considered a legal drug, contains substances that can cause damage
to health, just like illicit drugs, but in a late way. According to Zhou et al. (2003) and Schuckit (2005),
alcohol consumption has an impact on different organ systems, such as the central nervous system,
the gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and the immune system.
Ethanol use has been associated with more than 30% of suicides, attempts, and violent
behaviors (Minayo and Deslandes, 1998; CEBRID, 2010). The use of ethanol by people who committed
self-extermination in the last three years reached the percentage of 16.2% within the total group of
autopsied suicides. As for illicit and psychotropic drugs, cocaine reached the second group along
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with the compound (cocaine + ethanol), both with a percentage of 7.2%, benzodiazepines as the third
group, with 2.3% of the drugs most used in the complementary process of self-extermination.
Cocaine is a compound that induces tolerance. Users require progressively higher doses to
present the same initial effects, thus increasing consumption and toxic effects, such as irritability,
aggressive behavior, tremors, psychotic behaviors, as well as musculoskeletal damage (irreversible
degeneration), mydriasis, tachycardia, chest pain, seizures and, in more extreme cases, coma and
death (Carlini et al., 2001).
Few scientic studies report the possible contribution of the use of drugs or medications in
individuals who actually died.
The highest incidence of drug association was observed with the concomitant use of cocaine
and ethanol, with 18 individuals (6.8%). Other associations were observed, but with lower prevalence,
as described below: ve cases (1.9%) of associated use of cocaine and marijuana, two (0.8%) of
amphetamine and cocaine, and one (0.4%) of benzodiazepines and cocaine. There were also two cases
(0.8%) of association of three different types of drugs, namely, cocaine, ethanol and marijuana, as
shown in Table 2.
According to Vasconcelos et al. (2001), the use of alcohol in combination with the use
of cocaine is considered the most frequent association, which results not only in an increase and
prolongation of euphoria, but also in great toxicity. The associated consumption of these two drugs
generates a great loss of control of consumption, social problems and violent behaviors that lead to
risky behaviors, being the basis of more severe clinical conditions observed (Prior et al., 2006).
Regarding the methods, the most used was hanging (51%), followed by rearms (9%).
Analyzing by gender, men used hanging (45%) and rearms (8%) more, while women, hanging (6%)
and height projection (3%). In Amurel (RS), the most used method to commit suicide in the period
from 2001 to 2005 was hanging (68.4%), then rearms (12.2%) (Meneghel et al., 2004).
Correlating gender with the method used, hanging was the most used, both by men and
women, with 70.5% of the cases, and the latter with 60%. The use of rearms was in second place for
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men, with a percentage of 12.8%. On the other hand, in second place for women, drowning appeared,
with 20% (Meneghel et al., 2004).
In a regionalized way, that is, by Administrative Regions, some variations were found, among
them, 12 cities with rates below average, with Lago Sul having the lowest suicide rate. Seven other
cities presented values above the average of the Federal District. One piece of data, however, drew a
lot of attention: all the ARs, with the exception of Lago Sul/Jardim Botânico, presented values above
the national average of suicide, which is 4.8 per 100 thousand inhabitants, with Brazlândia having the
highest and most expressive suicide rate.
In a report recently presented by the World Health Organization (WHO), with the objective
of preventing suicide and encouraging the adoption of new guidelines and strategic programs, it
was emphasized that each country should treat suicide as a public health problem. The report points
out that about one million people die by suicide annually, a number higher than the total number of
victims of wars and homicides, and that rates have grown in recent years (WHO, 2012).
In Brazil, suicide ranks third among violent deaths, behind only trafc accidents and
homicides, with a rate of 4.8 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2008 (D’Oliveira, 2004). When compared to
countries such as Lithuania and Russia, whose suicide rates are 34 and 30 per 100,000 inhabitants,
respectively, in data from 2009 and 2006, Brazil has a lower suicide rate, but in absolute terms, the
number of cases is high due to its large population (Popov et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020).
An epidemiological study conducted between 1980 and 2006 indicated that the southern
region of Brazil had the highest suicide rates, with 9.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, followed by
the Midwest region, with an average of 6.1 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Individually, the Federal
District, in the three-year period from 2004 to 2006, had a rate of 5.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants
(Rouquayrol et al., 2009). However, when analyzing the period from 2010 to 2012, the suicide rate in
the Federal District rose to 10 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, which places this region in a prominent
position in the national scenario (Silva et al., 2021).
Cities such as São Sebastião and Brazlândia had suicide rates above the average of the Federal
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District, with 20 and 30 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Brazlândia’s rate, in particular,
is alarming when compared to other cities, suggesting that more studies are needed to investigate the
specic causes of this high number of suicides (Oliveira, 2022)
Conclusion
The results of this research showed that, from 2010 to 2012, 265 cases of suicide were
examined in the IML-DF. Of these cases, 80% were male and 20% female, which shows that the
frequency of deaths from this underlying cause is four times higher in men.
The prole of suicide victims reveals the dimension of this problem. It was shown that most
occurred among men, in general, young adults, single, at the beginning of the week, Monday, during
the day. Less than half used some type of drug, but of the positive tests 82% were men. In general,
they mainly used ethanol and cocaine. Regarding the means used, hanging and rearms were the
most expressive in both genders. Regarding the analysis by administrative region of the Federal
District, Brazlândia had the highest suicide rate. Within this context, the Federal District has become
a highlight in the national scenario in terms of the high number of suicides per inhabitant.
It is evident that there is a need for discussion on the subject throughout society, including
schools, municipal councils, churches, and residents’ associations, emphasizing the appreciation of
life, the recovery of self-esteem, in addition to offering perspectives to the population that has been
vulnerable to suicidal practice5.
That is why such importance is attached to the facts studied, suggesting that studies similar
to this one be repeated in order to create a timeline on the frequency of the suicide event.
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