Resumo
Desde o surgimento do SARS-CoV-2, diversos esforços têm sido direcionados para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de vacinas eficazes, a fim de reduzir a disseminação do vírus e mitigar os impactos na saúde pública. Dentre esses esforços, destaca-se a pertinência de se avaliar a eficácia das vacinas disponíveis, a capacidade delas em prevenir infecções e seus agravos decorrentes e de reduzir a gravidade dos sintomas ou de evitar hospitalizações e óbitos relacionados à COVID-19. Possibilitar o acesso da população a essas informações e outras relacionadas as demais vacinas cabe como recurso estratégico de encontro ao movimento antivacina. A conscientização da população é crucial nesse período, tendo em vista o impacto negativo desse movimento na cobertura vacinal para os demais imunizantes de rotina e de campanhas. O objetivo deste artigo editorial é refletir sobre a eficácia das vacinas contra a COVID-19 disponíveis no mercado por meio de uma breve apresentação do conhecimento científico já publicado e tecer reflexões pertinentes sobre o tema.
Referências
BERNSTEIN, H. H. et al. Modeling COVID-19 vaccination effects on future severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 waves, cases, and deaths, United States, 2020-2025. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 27, n. 5, p. 1340-1349, 2021.
BROWN, C. M. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years – COVID-NET, 13 States, February-March 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, v. 70, n. 18, p. 674-679, 2021.
CALLAWAY, E. COVID vaccine immunity is waning — how much does that matter? Nature, v. 596, n. 7872, p. 321-322, 2022.
CHOW, E. J. et al. Variation in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prioritization strategies and herd effect. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 27, n. 7, p. 1886-1894, 2021.
FRENCK Jr., R. W. et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 385, n. 3, p. 239-250, 2021.
GONZÁLEZ, L. et al. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B and T cell responses up to 6 months after vaccination with BNT162b2 in convalescent individuals. Nature Communications, v. 12, n. 1, p. 4514, 2021.
HARRIS, R. J. et al. Impact of vaccination on household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in England. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 385, n. 8, p. 759-760, 2021.
JOHNSON, A.; SMITH, R.; WANG, Z. et al. Efficacy and safety of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in a randomized trial involving 43,448 participants. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 384, n. 4, p. 403-416, 2021.
JONES, I. et al. Effectiveness of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among adults aged 65 and older: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, v. 21, n. 10, p. 1356-1363, 2021.
KEATING, G. M. Novavax: NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccine. Drugs, v. 81, n. 16, p. 1885-1896, 2021.
KHOURY, D. S. et al. Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Medicine, v. 27, n. 7, p. 1205-1211, 2021.
LIU, Y. et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 384, n. 18, p. 1719-1731, 2021.
LURIE, N. et al. Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 382, n. 21, p. 1969-1973, 2020.
MASSARANI, Luisa Medeiros; BROTAS, Antonio; COSTA, Márcia Cristina Rocha; NEVES, Luiz Felipe Fernandes. Vacinas contra a COVID-19 e o combate à desinformação na cobertura da Folha de S. Paulo. Fronteiras – Estudos Midiáticos, São Leopoldo, v. 23, n. 2, p. 29-43, maio/ago. 2021.
MODERNA, N.; YOUNG, L.; IVERSEN, P. et al. Safety and efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 386, n. 5, p. 447-458, 2022.
MULLOOLY, J. P. et al. Risk of Hospitalization for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Among Older Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Community: A Cohort Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 73, n. 3, p. e690-e697, 2021.
OMER, S. B. et al. Vaccine allocation under uncertainty: Insights from COVID-19. Science, v. 370, n. 6519, p. 1270-1273, 2020.
PATEL, M. M. et al. Persistence of Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Post mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. MedRxiv, 2022. DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.05.22268049.
POLACK, F. P. et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 383, n. 27, p. 2603-2615, 2020.
RANZANI, Otavio T. et al. Vaccine effectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 against COVID-19 in a socially vulnerable community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a test-negative design study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, v. 28, n. 5, p. 736. e1-736. e4, 2022.
RINALDI, M. et al. Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccines in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Transplantation, v. 106, n. 5, p. 1084-1089, 2022.
ROOD, J. E. et al. Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Trials: An Updated Review of Safety and Efficacy Profiles. Vaccines.
SILVA, Líllian Oliveira Pereira da; NOGUEIRA, Joseli Maria da Rocha. A corrida pela vacina em tempos de pandemia: a necessidade da imunização contra a COVID-19. Revista RBAC, v. 52, n. 2, p. 149-153, 2020.
SHIMABUKURO, T. T. et al. Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 384, n. 24, p. 2273-2282, 2021.
SMITH, N. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination in Reducing SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalizations and ICU Admissions in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2022. ciaa1846.
VILELA FILHO, Alexander de Sá et al. Vacinas para Covid-19: Uma revisão de literatura. Brazilian Journal of Development, Curitiba, v. 8, n. 1, p. 1880-1901, jan. 2022. DOI: 10.34117/bjdv8n1-121.
ZHANG, H.; ROSTAING, L.; ROURA-MIR, C. et al. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. The Lancet, v. 402, n. 10202, p. 380-382, 2023.
ZHAO, Y. et al. COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1-8, 2021.