Abstract
This work aimed to carry out a literature review on the theoretical models of well-being. Specifically, subjective well-being and psychological well-being, in addition to constructs that also promote quality of life, namely, the meaning of life, self-esteem and optimism. For this, the research was structured to present the definitions around the concept of well-being. Then, it tried to conceptualize, to know the psychological measures and studies that demonstrate the relation between sense of life, self-esteem and optimism. In this way, this review demonstrated how research conceives the phenomena in question, showing that it is not up to a single model to understand healthy psychological adjustment, but based on its multidimensionality observed in different constructs.
References
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Aquino, T. A. A. et al. (2015). Questionário de sentido de vida: evidências de sua validade fatorial e consistência interna. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 35, 4-19.
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Bastianello, M. R., Pacico, J. C., Hutz, C. S. (2014). Optimism, self-esteem and personality: adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Version Of The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psico-USF, 19, 523-531.
Battista, J., Almond, R. (1973). The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36, 409-427.
Bauer-Wu, S., Farran, C. J. (2005). Meaning in life and psycho-spiritual functioning: a comparison of breast cancer survivors and healthy women. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23, 172-190.
Baumeister, R. F.,Wilson, B. (1996). Life stories and the four need for meaning. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 322-325.
Baumeister, R. F. et al. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1–44.
Blascovich, J., Tomaka, J. (1994). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, e L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological atitudes. San Diego: Academic Press. (115-160).
Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit selfesteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631–643.
Brassai, L., Piko, B. F., Steger, M. F. (2011). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health?. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 44-51.
Burke, K. L., Joyner, A. B., Czech, D. R., Wilson, M. J. (2000). An investigation of concurrent validity between two optimism/pessimism questionnaires: The life orientation test-revised and the optimism/pessimism scale. Current Psychology: Development, Learning, Personality, Social, 19, 129-136.
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Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 293-299.
Cohen, K., Cairns, D. (2012). Is searching for meaning in life associated with reduced subjective well-being? Confirmation and possible moderators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 313-331.
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Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
Crumbaugh, J. C., Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 200-207.
Damásio, B. F. (2013). Sentido de vida e bem-estar subjetivo: interações com esperança, otimismo, autoeficácia e autoestima em diferentes etapas do ciclo vital. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil.
Damásio, B. F., Koller, S. H. (2015). How search for meaning interacts with complex categories of meaning in life and subjective well-being?. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, 1-10.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 663-666.
Diener, E., Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663.
Diener, E. et al. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 58, 87-184.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425.
Diener, E. et al. (2017). If, why, and when subjective well- being infl uences health, and future needed research. Applied Psychology: Health and Well- Being, 9¸133–167.
Edwards, M. J., Holden, R. R. (2001). Coping, meaning in life, and suicidal manifestations: Examining gender differences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 1517-1534.
Eid, M., Larsen, R. J. (Eds.). (2008). The science of subjective well- being. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fava, G. A. (2016). Well-being therapy: current indications and emerging perspectives. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85, 136-145.
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Henriques, G. (2011). A new unified theory of psychology. New York, NY: Springer.
Henriques, G., Kleinman, K., Asselin, C. (2014). The Nested Model of well-being: A unified approach. Review of General Psychology, 18, 7-18.
Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 658-663.
Hutz, C. S., Zanon, C. (2011). Revisão da adaptação, validação e normatização da escala de autoestima de Rosenberg. Avaliação Psicológica, 10, 41-49.
Hutz, C. S., et al. (2014). The relationship of hope, optimism, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and personality in brazilians and americans. Psychology, 5, 514-522.
Ishida, R., Okada, M. (2006). Effects of a firm purpose in life on anxiety and sympathetic nervous activity caused by emotional stress: assessment by psycho‐physiological method. Stress and health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 22, 275-281.
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Aquino, T. A. A. et al. (2015). Questionário de sentido de vida: evidências de sua validade fatorial e consistência interna. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 35, 4-19.
Avia, M. D. (1997). Personality and positive outcomes. European Journal of Personality, 11, 33-56.
Bastianello, M. R., Pacico, J. C., Hutz, C. S. (2014). Optimism, self-esteem and personality: adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Version Of The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psico-USF, 19, 523-531.
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Baumeister, R. F. et al. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1–44.
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Brassai, L., Piko, B. F., Steger, M. F. (2011). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health?. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 44-51.
Burke, K. L., Joyner, A. B., Czech, D. R., Wilson, M. J. (2000). An investigation of concurrent validity between two optimism/pessimism questionnaires: The life orientation test-revised and the optimism/pessimism scale. Current Psychology: Development, Learning, Personality, Social, 19, 129-136.
Carver, C. S., M. F. Scheier (2009). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder e S. L. Lopez. (2° Eds.) Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 293-299.
Cohen, K., Cairns, D. (2012). Is searching for meaning in life associated with reduced subjective well-being? Confirmation and possible moderators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 313-331.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner’s.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
Crumbaugh, J. C., Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 200-207.
Damásio, B. F. (2013). Sentido de vida e bem-estar subjetivo: interações com esperança, otimismo, autoeficácia e autoestima em diferentes etapas do ciclo vital. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil.
Damásio, B. F., Koller, S. H. (2015). How search for meaning interacts with complex categories of meaning in life and subjective well-being?. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, 1-10.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 663-666.
Diener, E., Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663.
Diener, E. et al. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 58, 87-184.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425.
Diener, E. et al. (2017). If, why, and when subjective well- being infl uences health, and future needed research. Applied Psychology: Health and Well- Being, 9¸133–167.
Edwards, M. J., Holden, R. R. (2001). Coping, meaning in life, and suicidal manifestations: Examining gender differences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 1517-1534.
Eid, M., Larsen, R. J. (Eds.). (2008). The science of subjective well- being. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fava, G. A. (2016). Well-being therapy: current indications and emerging perspectives. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85, 136-145.
Fitts, W. H., Roid, G. H. (1964). Tennessee self concept scale. Nashville, TN: Counselor Recordings and Tests.
Frankl, V. E. (1989). Psicoterapia e sentido da vida (A. M. Castro, trad.). São Paulo: Quadrante. (Trabalho original publicado em 1946).
Giacomoni, C.H. (2004). Bem-estar subjetivo: em busca da qualidade de vida. Temas em Psicologia, 12, 43-50.
Gobitta, M., Guzzo, R. S. L. (2002). Initial study of the Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI): Form A. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 15, 143-150.
Guerra, V. M. et al. (2017). Psicologia positiva: seus construtos e a sua relação com a psicologia social. In C. F. Lima e C. E. Pimentel (Org.). Revisitando a psicologia social. Curitiba: Juruá (127-148).
Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R. (2006). A first large cohort study of personality trait stability over the 40 years between elementary school and midlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 763-779.
Hanssen, M. M. et al. (2015). Optimism, motivational coping and well-being: Evidence supporting the importance of flexible goal adjustment. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1525-1537.
Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D., Bentler, P. M. (1987). Purpose in Life Test assessment using latent variable methods. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 235-236.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
Harter, S., Whitesell, N. R., Junkin, L. J. (1998). Similarities and differences in domain specific and global self-evaluations of learning disabled, behaviorally disordered, and normally achieving adolescents. American Education Research Journal, 35, 653–680.
Henriques, G. (2011). A new unified theory of psychology. New York, NY: Springer.
Henriques, G., Kleinman, K., Asselin, C. (2014). The Nested Model of well-being: A unified approach. Review of General Psychology, 18, 7-18.
Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 658-663.
Hutz, C. S., Zanon, C. (2011). Revisão da adaptação, validação e normatização da escala de autoestima de Rosenberg. Avaliação Psicológica, 10, 41-49.
Hutz, C. S., et al. (2014). The relationship of hope, optimism, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and personality in brazilians and americans. Psychology, 5, 514-522.
Ishida, R., Okada, M. (2006). Effects of a firm purpose in life on anxiety and sympathetic nervous activity caused by emotional stress: assessment by psycho‐physiological method. Stress and health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 22, 275-281.
Janis, I. L., Field, P. B. (1959). Sex differences and personality factors related to persuasibility. In C. I. Hovland e I. L. Janis (Eds.), Personality and persuasibility (pp. 55-68). Oxford, England: Yale Univer. Press.
Ju, H. et al. (2013). Mediational effect of meaning in life on the relationship between optimism and well-being in community elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 56, 309-313.
Kleftaras, G., Psarra, E. (2012). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology: A comparative study. Psychology, 3, 337-345.
Kleiman, E. M. et al. (2017). Optimism and well-being: a prospective multi-method and multi-dimensional examination of optimism as a resilience factor following the occurrence of stressful life events. Cognition and Emotion, 31, 269-283.
Kong, F., Zhao, J., You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112, 151-161.
Kuster, F., Orth, U. (2013). The long-term stability of self-esteem: Its time-dependent decay and nonzero asymptote. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 677-690.
Lukas, E. (1989). Logoterapia: “A força desafiadora do espírito” (J. de Sá Porto, trad.). São Paulo: Edições Loyola e Leopoldianum.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., Diener, E. (2005). The benefi ts of frequent positive affect:Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 31, 803–855.
MacDonald, G. Leary, M. R. (2012). Individual differences in self-esteem. In: M. R., Leary e J. P. Tangney (Eds.). Handbook of self and identity. New York, NY: Guilford Press (pp. 354-377).
MacDonald, G., Saltzman, J. L., Leary, M. R. (2003). Social approval and trait self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 23–40.
Maddux, J. (2018). Subjective well-being and life satisfaction: an introducion to conceptions, theories, and measures. In: J. Maddux (Ed.). Subjective well-being and life satisfaction. New York: Routledge (pp.3-32).
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Miller Smedema, S., Catalano, D., Ebener, D. J. (2010). The relationship of coping, self-worth, and subjective well-being: A structural equation model. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 53, 131-142.
Mishra, K. K. (2013). Optimism and well-being. Social Science International, 29, 75-87.
Ojanen, T., Perry, D. G. (2007). Relational schemas and the developing self: Perceptions of mother and of self as joint predictors of early adolescents’ self-esteem. Developmental Psychology, 43,1474–1483.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 381-387.
Ottati, F., Noronha, A. P. P. (2017). Factor structure of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 20, 32-39.
Pedrosa, I. et al. (2015). Cuestionario para la evaluación del optimismo: Fiabilidad y evidencias de validez. Terapia Psicológica, 33, 127-138.
Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologists, 55, 44-55.
Peterson, C., Steen, T. A. (2009). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder e S. L. Lopez. (2° Eds.) Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reker, G. T., Wong, P. T. (1988). Aging as an individual process: Toward a theory of personal meaning. In J. E. Birren e V. L. Bengston (Eds.), Emergent theories of aging. New York: Springer (pp. 214-246).
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