Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
This review describes how risk factors and adversities predispose to metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases, acting through harmful habits, nutritional changes, toxins, pollutants, inflammations, pathogens and chronic stress. Such conditions are correlated to fast environment driven by life history strategies as responses to the tensions and impacts witnessed, maintaining a close link between risks and metabolic syndromes throughout life and even between generations.
References
Sarafidis PA, Nilsson PM. The metabolic syndrome: a glance at its history. J Hypertens. 2006 Apr;24(4):621-6
Gautam S, Meena PS. Drug-emergent metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia receiving atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics. Indian J Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;53(2):128-33.
Stern MP, Williams K, González-Villalpando C, et al. Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care. 2004 Nov;27(11):2676-81.
GIUDICE, M. DEL; GANGESTAD, S. W.; KAPLAN, H. S. Life history theory and evolutionary psychology. Em: The handbook of evolutionary psychology. [s.l.] Wiley, 2015. v. 1:Foundationsp. 88–114.
Jefferson, J. (2023). cyclical connection between transgenerational trauma, hostile environment, epigenetic mechanisms and cortisol hormone. Health and Society, 3(04), 225–246. https://doi.org/10.51249/hs.v3i04.1474
Jefferson, J. (2023). environments of immediate strategies, lack of confidence, and the relationship with dark triad personality TRAITS. Health and Society, 3(04), 201–224. https://doi.org/10.51249/ hs.v3i04.1473
Song YM, Lee K, Sung J. Genetic and environmental relationships between change in weight and insulin resistance: the Healthy Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2014 Jun;17(3):199-205.
BARANOWSKV, A. B. et al. PTSD Transmission: A Review of Secondary Traumatization in Holocaust Survivor Families. Canadian Psychology, 1998
YEHUDA, R. et al. Low Urinary Cortisol Excretion in Holocaust Survivors With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Am J Psychiatry, v. 1, n. 7, 1995.
CHISHOLM, J. S. Death, Hope and Sex: Steps to an Evolutionary Ecology of Mind and Morality.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK. Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of phenotype and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;354:3–8.
Nettle D, Gibson MA, Lawson DW, Sear R. Human behavioral ecology: current research and future prospects. Behav Ecol 2013; 24: 1031–40
Wright CM, Parkinson K and Scott J 2006. Breast-feeding in a UK urban context: who breast-feeds, for how long and does it matter? Public Health Nutr 9(6):686–91.
Sun Q, Ma J, Campos H, Hankinson SE, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Willett WC and Hu FB 2007. A prospective study of trans fatty acids in erythrocytes and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 115 (14):1858–65
Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:865–71.
MacMillan HL, Georgiades K, Duku EK, et al. Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project. Biol Psychiatry 2009;66:62–8.
Grube K and Burkle A 1992. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in mononuclear leukocytes of 13 mammalian species correlates with species-specific life span. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(24):11759–63.
Kirkwood TB 1989. DNA, mutations and aging. Mutat Res 219(1):1–7.
Stöger, R. (2008) The thrifty epigenotype: An acquired and heritable predisposition for obesity and diabetes? Bioessays 126:976–81.
Hales, C. N. & Barker, D. J. (1992) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 35:595–601.
Schuster S, Fell DA, Dandekar T. A general definition of metabolic pathways useful for systematic organization and analysis of complex metabolic networks. Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Mar;18(3):326-32.
Chrousos, G. P. “The role of stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: neuro-endocrine and target tissue-related causes.” Int. J. Obes. (London) 24 (2000)
Stern MP, Williams K, González-Villalpando C, et al. Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care. 2004 Nov;27(11):2676-81.
Ervin RB. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003-2006. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009 May 5;(13):1-7.
GIUDICE, M. DEL; GANGESTAD, S. W.; KAPLAN, H. S. Life history theory and evolutionarypsychology. Em: The handbook of evolutionary psychology. [s.l.] Wiley, 2015. v. 1:Foundationsp. 88–114.
CHARNOV, E. L.; BERRIGAN, D. Why Do Female Primates Have Such Long Lifespans and So Few Babies? or Life in the Slow Lane. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, New and Reviews, v. 191,1993.
Hill, K., & Kaplan, H. S. (1999). Life history traits in humans: Theory and empirical studies. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28, 397–430.
WELLS, J. C. K. et al. Evolutionary public health: introducing the conceptThe LancetLancet Publishing Group, , 29 jul. 2017.
Nettle, D. (2011). Flexibility in reproductive timing in human females: Integrating ultimate and proximate explanations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1563), 357–365.
Kirkwood, T. B. L. (1990). The disposable soma theory of aging. In D. E. Harrison (Ed.), Genetic effects on aging II (pp. 9–19). Caldwell, NJ: Telford.
Kirkwood TB and Rose MR 1991. Evolution of senescence. Phil Tran R Soc Lond B 332:15–24.
Sinervo, B., Clobert, J., Miles, D. B., McAdam, A., & Lancaster, L. T. (2008). The role of pleiotropy vs signaller–receiver gene epistasis in life history trade-offs: Dissecting the genomic architecture of organismal design in social systems. Heredity, 101, 197–211.
Williams, G. C. (1957). Pleiotropy, natural selection and the evolution of senescence. Evolution, 11, 398–411.
Okin D and Medzhitov R 2012. Evolution of inflammatory diseases. Curr Biol 22(17): R733–40.
Lochmiller RL and Deerenberg C 2000. Tradeoffs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos 88:87–98
Bose M, Oliván B, Laferrère B. Stress and obesity: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolic disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009 Oct;16(5):340-6.
May RM and Rubenstein DI 1984. Reproductive strategies. In Austin CR and Short RV, editors. Reproductive Fitness. London: Cambridge University Press. 1–23
Stearns SC 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Charnov EL 1993. Life History Invariants: Some Explorations of Symmetry in Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hawkes K 2006. Life History Theory and Human Evolution. In Hawkes K and Paine RR, editors. Oxford: James Currey. 45–93.
Mathot, K. J., & Frankenhuis, W. E. Models of pace-of-life syndromes (POLS): a systematic review, 72 Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology § (2018).
Figueredo, A. J., Sefcek, J. A., Vasquez, G., Brumbach, B. H., King, J. E., & Jacobs, W. J. (2005). Evolutionary personality psychology. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 851–877). Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
Hill K 1993. Life history theory and evolutionary anthropology. Evol Anthropol 2:78–89.
Williams GC 1957. Pleiotropy, natural selection and the evolution of senescence. Evol 11:398–411.
Nettle Daniel and Frankenhuis Willem E. 2020 Life-history theory in psychology and evolutionary biology: one research programme or two?Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B37520190490
Del Giudice, M. (2014a). An evolutionary life history framework for psychopathology. Psychological Inquiry, 25, 261–300
Kirkwood, T. B. L. (1977). Evolution of ageing. Nature, 270(5635), 301–304.
Metcalfe NB and Monaghan P 2001. Compensation for a bad start: grow now, pay later? Trends Ecol Evol 16(5):254–60.
Pierce MB and Leon DA 2005. Age at menarche and adult BMI in the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 82(4): 733–9.
Hardy R, Kuh D, Whincup PH and Wadsworth ME 2006. Age at puberty and adult blood pressure and body size in a British birth cohort study. J Hypertens 24(1):59–66.
Kirkwood TB and Rose MR 1991. Evolution of senescence. Phil Tran R Soc Lond B 332:15–24.
Mikirova N, Casciari J, Hunninghake R. The assessment of the energy metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome by serum fluorescence emission. Altern Ther Health Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;18(1):36-40.
Remacle C, Bieswal F, Reusens B. Programming of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28 Suppl 3:S46-53.
Luo ZC, Fraser WD, Julien P, Deal CL, Audibert F, Smith GN, et al. Tracing the origins of “fetal origins” of adult diseases: programming by oxidative stress? Med Hypotheses. 2006;66:38-44.
Ricklefs RE 1998. Evolutionary theories of aging: confirmation of a fundamental prediction, with implications for the genetic basis and evolution of life span. Am Nat 152(1):24–44.
Dominguez-Salas P, Cox SE, Prentice AM, Hennig BJ and Moore SE 2012. Maternal nutritional status, C(1) metabolism and offspring DNA methylation: a review of current evidence in human subjects. Proc Nutr Soc 71 (1):154–65.
TOLLEFSBOL, T. O. Transgenerational Epigenetics. Em: Transgenerational Epigenetics. [s.l.] Elsevier Inc., 2014. p. 1–8.
Kiire, S., Personality and Individual Differences (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.0
Elia M. 1992. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic rate. In: JM McKinney, HN Tucker, editors. Energy metabolism: tissue determinants and cellular corollaries. New York: Raven.
Mata L. 1992. Diarrheal disease as a cause of malnutrition. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 16–27.
Solomons NW. 1993. Pathways to the impairment of human nutritional status by gastrointestinal pathogens. Parasitology 107: 19–35.
Lunn PG. 2000. The impact of infection and nutrition on gut function and growth in childhood. Proc Nutr Soc 59: 147–154.
Lunn PG, Northrop-Clewes CA, Downes RM. 1991. Intestinal permeability, mucosal injury, and growth faltering in Gambian infants. Lancet 338: 907–910.
Litten-Brown JC, Corson AM, Clarke L. Porcine models for the metabolic syndrome, digestive and bone disorders: a general overview. Animal. 2010 Jun;4(6):899-920.
KarasovWH, Martínez del Rio C, Caviedes-Vidal E. Ecological physiology of diet and digestive systems. Annu Rev Physiol. 2011;73:69-93.
Kaati G, Bygren LO, Pembrey M, Sjostrom M. Transgenerational response to nutrition, early life circumstances and longevity. Eur J Hum Genet 2007;15(7):784–90 Kaati 2007
Hoehn KL, Salmon AB, Hohnen-Behrens C, Turner N, Hoy AJ, Maghzal GJ, Stocker R, Van Remmen H, Kraegen EW, Cooney GJ et al. 2009. Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(42):17787–92.
Lilienfeld SO. Is psychopathy a syndrome? Commentary on Marcus, Fulton, and Edens. Personal Disord. 2013 Jan;4(1):85-6.
Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, Noma K, Hara K, Nakagawa K, Kawamura M, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M and Nara I 2003. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation 108 (5):530–5.
Radak Z, Chung HY, Koltai E, Taylor AW and Goto S. 2008. Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis. Ageing Res Rev 7(1):34–42.
Haffor AS, Mohler JG, Harrison AC. Effects of water immersion on cardiac output of lean and fat male subjects at rest and during exercise. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991 Feb;62(2):123-7.
Charles A. 2013. The Adaptation Diet. 2013.
Michael Greger & Gene Stone. 2015. How Not to Die. 2015.
WOODRUFF, T.J.; ZOTA, A.R.; SCHWARTZ, J.M. “Environmental Chemicals in Pregnant Women in the United States: NHANES 2003-2004.” Environmental Health Perspectives. [S.l.]: 2011; 119(6): p. 878-85.
KAMEL, F. “Epidemiology. Paths from Pesticides to Parkinson’s.” Science. [S.l.]: 2013; 341 (6147): p. 722-3.
LEE, D.H.; LEE, I.K.; SONG, K. et al. “A Strong Dose-Response Relation Between Serum Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Diabetes: Results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002.” Diabetes Care. [S.l.]: 2006; 29(7): p. 1.638-44.
WU, H.; BERTRAND, K.A.; CHOI, A.L. et al. “Persistent Organic Pollutants and Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study and Meta-Analysis.” Environmental Health Perspectives. [S.l.]: 2013; 121(2): p. 153-61.
Entringer S, Epel ES, Kumsta R, Lin J, Hellhammer DH, Blackburn EH, Wust S and Wadhwa PD 2011. Stress exposure in intrauterine life is associated with shorter telomere length in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(33):E513–18.
Ekelund U, Brage S, Franks PW, Hennings S, Emms S and Wareham NJ 2005. Physical activity energy expenditure predicts progression toward the metabolic syndrome independently of aerobic fitness in middle-aged healthy Caucasians: the Medical Research Council Ely Study. Diabetes Care 28 (5):1195–200.
Ekelund U, Franks PW, Sharp S, Brage S and Wareham NJ 2007. Increase in physical activity energy expenditure is associated with reduced metabolic risk independent of change in fatness and fitness. Diabetes Care 30(8): 2101–6.
Galgani JE, Moro C and Ravussin E 2008. Metabolic flexibility and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295(5): E1009–17.
Corpeleijn E, Saris WH and Blaak EE 2009. Metabolic flexibility in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: effects of lifestyle. Obes Rev 10(2):178–93.
Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Owen N, Armstrong T, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, Cameron AJ, Dwyer T, Jolley D and Shaw JE 2004. Physical activity and television viewing in relation to risk of undiagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in adults. Diabetes Care 27 (11):2603–9.
Helmerhorst HJ, Wijndaele K, Brage S, Wareham NJ and Ekelund U 2009. Objectively measured sedentary time may predict insulin resistance independent of moderateand vigorous-intensity physical activity. Diabetes 58(8):1776–9.
Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG and Zderic TW 2007. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 56(11):2655–67.
Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Craig CL and Bouchard C 2009. Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41 (5):998–1005.
Ono C, Kikkawa H, Suzuki A, Suzuki M, Yamamoto Y, Ichikawa K, Fukae M and Ieiri I 2013. Clinical impact of genetic variants of drug transporters in different ethnic groups within and across regions. Pharmacogenom 14(14):1745–64.
Di Lorenzo L, De Pergola G, Zocchetti C, L’Abbate N, Basso A, Pannacciulli N, Cignarelli M, Giorgino R and Soleo L 2003. Effect of shift work on body mass index: results of a study performed in 319 glucose-tolerant men working in a Southern Italian industry. Int J Obes 27(11):1353–8
Karlsson B, Knutsson A and Lindahl B 2001. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med 58(11):747–52.
Karlsson BH, Knutsson AK, Lindahl BO and Alfredsson LS 2003. Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work. Results of the WOLF study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76(6):424–30.
Theorell T, Tsutsumi A, Hallquist J, Reuterwall C, Hogstedt C, Fredlund P, Emlund N and Johnson JV 1998. Decision latitude, job strain, and myocardial infarction: a study of working men in Stockholm. The SHEEP Study Group. Stockholm Heart epidemiology Program. Am J Public Health 88(3):382–8.
Kivimaki M, Leino-Arjas P, Luukkonen R, Riihimaki H, Vahtera J and Kirjonen J 2002. Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees. BMJ 325(7369):857
Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, Blackett KN, Sitthi-amorn C, Sato H and Yusuf S 2004. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364(9438):953–62
Chandola T, Britton A, Brunner E, Hemingway H, Malik M, Kumari M, Badrick E, Kivimaki M and Marmot M 2008. Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms? Eur Heart J 29(5): 640–8.
Bjorntorp P and Rosmond R 2000. The metabolic syndrome–a neuroendocrine disorder? Br J Nutr 83 Suppl 1:S49–57.
Brunner EJ, Hemingway H, Walker BR, Page M, Clarke P, Juneja M, Shipley MJ, Kumari M, Andrew R, Seckl JR et al. 2002. Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation 106(21): 2659–65.
Marmot M 2000. Social determinants of health: from observation to policy. The Med J Austr 172(8):379–82.
Marmot M 2005. Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet 365(9464):1099–104.
Marmot MG 2004. The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity. London: Bloomsbury.
Moller P, Wallin H and Knudsen LE 1996. Oxidative stress associated with exercise, psychological stress and life-style factors. Chemico-Biol Interact 102(1):17–36.
Epel ES, Blackburn EH, Lin J, Dhabhar FS, Adler NE, Morrow JD and Cawthon RM 2004. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(49):17312–15
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jadir Jefferson