MEN’S HEALTH AND THE INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE AND ITS ANALOGS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
MEN’S HEALTH

Palavras-chave

Testosterone, Immune Response, Anabolic Agents, Immune System, Immunosuppression.

Como Citar

Henrique Oliveira De Souza, P. ., & Cristina Zimmermann Franco, D. . (2023). MEN’S HEALTH AND THE INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE AND ITS ANALOGS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE: A REVIEW. Health and Society, 3(03), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.51249/hs.v3i03.1417

Resumo

Introduction: Testosterone and its analogues are described in the literature as immunomodulators. The use of androgen anabolic steroids transcends age, which requires research that points to the specific care needed for these patients, usually male. In addition, the use of this hormone can have deleterious consequences for immunity, with the risk of triggering greater problems. Thanks to ingrained sexism in society, men tend to seek health services less. Objective: To report the interactions of testosterone with the male immune system, addressing its lower search for health services, and from that, to suggest a physiological cause that complements the sociological one. Methods: Bibliographic review of works from the English and Portuguese medical literature, published from 2004 to 2022 and found on Google Scholar, PubMed and Scielo. Literature Review: Due to the high titers of the hormone, men tend to generate a weaker immune response to diseases, compared to women. Testosterone and its analogues are also described as inhibitors of antioxidant activity, helpers in the gain of secondary sexual characteristics, and recovery agents in physical exercises. The immunosuppression generated by this hormone is one of the possible undesirable effects of its use. Because of this, elderly men on hormone replacement are susceptible to the same immunosuppression, which requires greater monitoring. Final Considerations: Testosterone usually has immunosuppressive activity, masking symptoms. Such severity increases when talking about the male public, since there is already a tendency to abstain from health services, thanks to the sexist factor present in society.

https://doi.org/10.51249/hs.v3i03.1417
MEN’S HEALTH

Referências

Trumble BC, Blackwell AD, Stieglitz J, Thompson ME, Suarez IM, Kaplan H et al. Associations between male testosterone and immune function in a patho-genically stressed forager‐horticultural population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2012; 161(3):494-505.

Marshall-Gradisnik S, Green R, Brenu E, Weatherby R. Anabolic androgenic steroids effects on the immune system: a review. Open Life Sciences. 2009; 4(1):19-33.

Posma E, Moes H, Heineman MJ, Faas MM. The effect of testosterone on cy-tokine production in the specific and non-specific immune response. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2004; 52(4):237-46.

Ferreira MC. Desafios da política de atenção à saúde do homem: análise das barreiras enfrentadas para sua consolidação. Revista Eletrônica Gestão & Sa-úde [periódico na internet]. 2013 [citado 2022 Fev 10]; 4(1):[Cerca de 15p]. Disponível em: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3443/01e22e75eae51292d649ca46de51f815d62c.pdf

Furman D, Hejblum BP, Simon N, Jojic V, Dekker CL, Thiébaut R et al. Sys-tems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for testos-terone in the response to influenza vaccination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014; 111(2):869-74.

Oertelt-Prigione S. The influence of sex and gender on the immune response. Autoimmunity reviews. 2012; 11(6-7):A479-85.

Alonso-Alvarez C, Bertrand S, Faivre B, Chastel O, Sorci G. Testosterone and oxidative stress: the oxidation handicap hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2007; 274(1611):819-25.

Matias JPT. Testosterona no Desporto: reposição hormonal ou doping?: Traba-lho de mestrado [doctoral dissertation]. Covilhã: Universidade da Beira Interior; 2020.

de Moraes TPB. Anabolizantes nas buscas da web. Um estudo sobre o inte-resse sazonal por esteroides anabolizantes no Brasil. Revista Juridica Luso-brasileira. 2015; 1(1):1979-2007.

Gavassa S, Silva AC, Gonzalez E, Stoddard PK. Signal modulation as a mech-anism for handicap disposal. Animal behaviour. 2012; 83(4):935-44.

Sue K. The science behind “man flu”. BMJ. 2017; 1(1):359.

Muraleedharan V. Effects of Testosterone Levels on Mortality and Cardiovas-cular Risk in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: Trabalho de mestrado [doctoral disser-tation]. Sheffield: University of Sheffield; 2018.

Traish A, Bolanos J, Nair S, Saad F, Morgentaler A. Do Androgens Modulate the Pathophysiological Pathways of Inflammation? Appraising the Contempo-rary Evidence. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(12):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120549

Auerbach JM, Khera M. Testosterone’s Role in COVID-19. The Journal of Sex-ual Medicine. 2021; 18(5):843-48.

Okçelik S. COVID-19 pneumonia causes lower testosterone levels. Andrologia. 2021; 53(1):e13909.

Schroeder M, Schaumburg B, Mueller Z, Parplys A, Jarczak D, Nierhaus A et al. High estradiol and low testosterone levels are associated with critical illness in male but not in female COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2021; 10(1):1807-18.

Apaydin T, Sahin B, Dashdamirova S, Yazan CD, Elbasan O, Ilgin C et al. The association of free testosterone levels with COVID‐19. Andrology. 2022; 1(1): 1-9.

Montaño LM, Sommer B, Solís-Chagoyán H, Romero-Martínez BS, Aquino-Gálvez A, Gomez-Verjan JC et al. Could Lower Testosterone in Older Men Ex-plain Higher COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortalities?. International Journal of Mo-lecular Sciences. 2022; 23(2):935.

Salonia A, Pontillo M, Capogrosso P, Gregori S, Tassara M, Boeri L et al. Se-verely low testosterone in males with COVID‐19: A case‐control study. Andrology. 2021 8]; 9(4):1043-52.

Gofur MR. Testosterone Therapy Could Be a Potential Approach For Treat-ment of Elderly Male COVID-19 Patients-A Review. Journal of Bio-Science. 2021; 9(4):181-7.

Pozzilli P, Lenzi A. Commentary: Testosterone, a key hormone in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolism. 2020; 108(1):1-3.

Papadopoulos V, Li L, Samplaski M. Why does COVID‐19 kill more elderly men than women? Is there a role for testosterone?. Andrology. 2021; 9(1):65-72.

Hussain AN, Hussain F, Hashmi SK. Role of testosterone in COVID-19 pa-tients–A double-edged sword?. Medical Hypotheses. 2020; 144(1):110287.

Kalra S, Bhattacharya S, Kalhan A. Testosterone in COVID-19–foe, friend or fatal victim?. European endocrinology. 2020; 16(2):88.

Bennink HJC, Foidart JM, Debruyne FM. Treatment of serious COVID-19 with testosterone suppression and high-dose estrogen therapy. European Urology. 2021; 80(4):523-5.

Niemann PJ, Goldstein HV. Testosterone in COVID-19: friend or Foe?. Euro-pean Urology. 2021; 71(2):281-2.

Trigunaite A, Dimo J, Jørgensen T N. Suppressive effects of androgens on the immune system. Cellular immunology. 2015; 294(2):87-94.

de Almeida MG, Silva TGV, Nogueira MC, Barbosa BR, Sales AACOS, Pedro-sa JIS. Saúde e masculinidade: uma calamidade negligenciada. In: VI Con-gresso Internacional de Estudos Sobre a Diversidade Sexual e de Gênero; 2012; Salvador. Anais. Salvador: Associação Brasileira de Ensino de História; 2012. P 1-9.

Klap J, Schmid M, Loughlin KR. The relationship between total testosterone levels and prostate cancer: a review of the continuing controversy. The Journal of urology. 2015; 193(2):403-14.

Paiva VND. Plano de ação para aumento da adesão dos homens da área de abrangência da ESF SETTE de Barros II às intervenções de saúde. Trabalho para obtenção do grau de especialista [trabalho de conclusão de curso]. Ponte Nova: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2015.

Judge LW, Bellar DM, Hoover DL, Biggs D, Leitzelar BN, Craig BW. Effects of acute androstenedione supplementation on testosterone levels in older men. The Aging Male. 2016; 19(3):161-7.

Creative Commons License
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2023 Pedro Henrique Oliveira De Souza, Danielle Cristina Zimmermann Franco

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Métricas

Carregando Métricas ...