Palavras-chave
Sleep; Sleep Disorders; Social Isolation; COVID-19
Como Citar
Sena de Lucena, L. ., Ferreira Firmino, F. ., Emanuel Mendes da Silva Santos, A. ., Thaine Teodoro, D. ., Maria Senhorinha, G. ., & Cerqueira Simões Braudes, I. . (2021). SLEEP DISORDERS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC:: NARRATIVE REVIEW. Health and Society, 1(03). https://doi.org/10.51249/hes01.03.2021.352
Resumo
Sleep is a biological need that can be affected by various factors and interferes with physical and mental well-being. Thus, the current pandemic of COVID-19 has changed the routine of a large part of the population, as well as affected the quality of sleep and has become a risk factor for the development of problems. In this context, the present study sought to highlight the importance of sleep quality for different situations. In view of this, the article understands how the current pandemic scenario has interfered with the quality of sleep and, consequently, with the population’s biopsychosocial paradigm. This is a bibliographic review with data collection from secondary sources in March and April 2021, carried out in the SciELO and PubMed databases. It has been observed that sleep deprivation makes it possible to increase cytokine activity, namely interferon (IFN), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta), favoring the increase in inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), this set of changes negatively affects immunity and is directly related to changes in sleep patterns. Therewith, from the analysis, it is possible to perceive the harm that the scenario of COVID-19 brought to the quality of sleep, causing several losses in daily activities. Therefore, it can be inferred that changes related to sleep contribute to the absence of alertness and changes in perception as well as in sensory processes, making the individual lethargic and with a reduction in the cognitive ability to perform functions of essential attributions for their quality of life.
Referências
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GAJARDO, Y. Z. et al. Problemas com o sono e fatores associados na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva [online]. v. 26, n. 02, pp. 601-610. 2013. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021262.08412020>. ISSN 1678-4561. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021262.08412020. Acesso em: 15 Abril 2021.
KRUEGER, M.H; ROTH, T.; DEMET, W.C. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4º. Filadélfia, Pensilvânia, EUA: Elservier Saunders. 2005.
SIEGEL, J.M. Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Nature. 437. pp. 1264–1271. doi: 10.1038 / nature04285. Disponível em: <https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04285>. Acesso em: 03 mai. 2021.
XIAO, H. et al. Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. vol. 26 e923921. 20 Mar. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111105/>. Doi:10.12659/MSM.923921. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021.
DENT, R.R.M. et al. Diurnal rhythm of plasma immunoreactive β- endorfina e sua relação com estágios de sono e ritmos plasmáticos de cortisol e prolactina. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.52 (5): 942–947.1981. doi: 10.1210 / jcem-52-5-942.
van Cauter E., Leproult R., Plat L. Age-Related Changes in Slow Wave Sleep and REM Sleep and Relationship With Growth Hormone and Cortisol Levels in Healthy Men. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000; 284 (7): 861–868. doi: 10.1001 / jama.284.7.861. Disponível em: <https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/192981>.
XIA, S. et al. Long Term Culture of Human Kidney Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells Maintains Lineage Functions and Serves as an Ex vivo Model for Coronavirus Associated Kidney Injury. Virologica Sinica [Internet]. 2020; 35:311–320. Disponível em: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12250-020-00253-y>. DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00253-y. Acesso em: 16 Abril 2021.
MORIN, C. M. et al. Sleep and circadian rhythm in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Public Health. 2020 Oct;111(5):654-657. doi: 10.17269/s41997-020-00382-7. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32700231; PMCID: PMC7375451. Disponível em: < https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32700231/>. Acesso em: 20 Abril 2021.
DANTAS, E.S.O. Saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde no Brasil no contexto da pandemia por Covid-19. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação [online]. v. 25, suppl 1, e200203. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.200203>. ISSN 1807-5762. https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.200203. Disponível em: <https://scielosp.org/article/icse/2021.v25suppl1/e200203/pt/#> Acesso em 7 mai 2021.
CAVALCANTE, J.R. et al . COVID-19 no Brasil: evolução da epidemia até a semana epidemiológica 20 de 2020. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde, Brasília , v. 29, n. 4, e2020376, set. 2020 . Disponível em <http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi49742020000400016&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Epub 05-Ago-2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742020000400010. Acesso em: 07 mai. 2021.
WHO. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. In: WHO- World Health Organization. WHO (COVID-19) Homepage. Disponível em: <https://covid19.who.int/>. Acesso em 7 mai 2021 às 11h36min.
BRASIL. Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde. Brasil. Painel Coronavírus. CORONAVÍRUS BRASIL. Atualizado em:06/05/2021 19:00. Disponível em: <https://covid.saude.gov.br/>Acesso em 7 mai 2021 às 12h36min.
REDDY, S.; REDDY, V.; SHARMA, S. Physiology, Circadian Rhythm. [Updated 2020 Jul 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Jan. 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519507/#>. Acesso em: 27 de abr. 2021.
RUIZ, F.S.A; TUFIK, S. Aspectos imunológicos do sono. In: Paiva T, Andersen ML, Tufik S, eds. O sono e a medicina do sono. Barueri: Manole; 2014. p.124-3.
SILVA, E.S.M; ONO, B.H.V.; SOUZA, J. C. Sono e imunidade em tempos de COVID-19. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras., São Paulo, v. 66, supl. 2, pág. 143-147, 2020. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi42302020001400143&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub em 21 de setembro de 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.s2.143. Acesso em: 27 de abr. 2021.
IRWIN, M. R. Why Sleep Is Important for Health: a Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, Palo Alto, v.66, n.1, p.143-172, jan. 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961463/pdf/nihms804179.pdf>. Acesso em: 07 mai. 2021.
BRITO-MARQUES, J. M. de A.M. et al . Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sleep quality of medical professionals in Brazil. Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr., São Paulo, v. 79, n. 2, p. 149-155, Feb. 2021. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi282X2021000200149&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub Mar 19, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0449. Acesso em: 23 abr. 2021.
BEZERRA, A.C.V. et al . Fatores associados ao comportamento da população durante o isolamento social na pandemia de COVID-19. Ciênc. saúde coletiva, Rio de Janeiro , v. 25, supl. 1, p. 2411-2421, June 2020. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi81232020006702411&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub June 05, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10792020. Acesso em: 04 mai. 2021.
LIMA, ROSSANO CABRAL. Distanciamento e isolamento sociais pela Covid-19 no Brasil: impactos na saúde mental. Physis, Rio de Janeiro , v. 30, n. 2, e300214, 2020 . Epub July 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-73312020300214. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi73312020000200313&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 06 mai. 2021.
21- DENG J. et al. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021 Feb;1486(1):90-111. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14506. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PMID: 33009668; PMCID: PMC7675607. Disponível em: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33009668/>. Acesso em: 23 Abril 2021.
SHENG, X. et al. Psychological status and sleep quality of nursing interns during the outbreak of COVID-19. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2020 Mar 30;40(3):346-350. Chinese. doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.09. PMID: 32376580; PMCID: PMC7167307. Disponível em: < https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32376580/>. Acesso em: 22 Abril 2021.
DEMIR, C.F.; BILEK, F.; BALGETIR, F. Neuropsychiatric changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in multiple sclerosis patients. Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.,São Paulo, v. 78, n. 9, p. 570-575, Sept. 2020. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi282X2020000900570&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub Sep 23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20200122. Acesso em: 22 Abril 2021.
SANTOS-COELHO, F.M. Impacto da privação de sono sobre cérebro, comportamento e emoções. Med Int Mex. v. 36(Suppl: 1):17-19.2020. Disponível em: <https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/medintmex/mim-2020/mims201f.pdf>. Acesso em: 06 mai. 2021.
SILVA, E.S.M.; ONO, B.H.V.S.; SOUZA, J.C. Sleep and immunity in times of COVID-19. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.,São Paulo, v. 66, supl. 2, p. 143-147, 2020 . Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi42302020001400143&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub Sep 21, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.s2.143. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021.
IRWIN, M.; OPP, M. Sleep Health: Reciprocal Regulation of Sleep and Innate Immunity. Neuropsychopharmacol. 42, 129–155. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.148. Disponível em: <https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2016148#citeas>. Acesso em: 30 de abr. 2021.
IBARRA-CORONADO, E.G. et al. The Bidirectional Relationship between Sleep and Immunity against Infections. Journal of immunology research. vol. 2015: 678164. doi:10.1155/2015/678164. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568388/>. Acesso em: 07 de mai. 2021.
HUANG, S. et al. Persistent Somatic Symptom Burden and Sleep Disturbance in Patients with COVID-19 During Hospitalization and After Discharge: A Prospective Cohort Study. Med Sci Monit.;27:e930447. 2021. doi: 10.12659/MSM.930447. PMID: 33854028. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8057653/>. Acesso em: 27 de abr. 2021.
LIU, K.et al. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. v. 39, 2020, 101132. ISSN 1744-3881. 2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1744388120302784>. Acesso em: 29 de abr. 2021.
ZANUTO, E.A.C.et al. Distúrbios do sono em adultos de uma cidade do Estado de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia [online]. v. 18, n. 1, pp. 42-53. 2015. Epub Jan-Mar 2015. ISSN 1980-5497. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201500010004. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201500010004>. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.
MARELLI, S. et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff. J Neurol. Jan;268(1):8-15. 2021. Disponível em: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32654065/>. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10056-6. Epub 2020 Jul 11. PMID: 32654065; PMCID: PMC7353829. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021.
RAMÍREZ-ORTIZ, J.; FONTECHA-HERNÁNDEZ, J.; ESCOBAR-CÓRDOBA, F. Effects of social isolation on sleep during the covid- 19 pandemic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.801. Disponível em: <https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/view/801>. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021
GAJARDO, Y. Z. et al. Problemas com o sono e fatores associados na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva [online]. v. 26, n. 02, pp. 601-610. 2013. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021262.08412020>. ISSN 1678-4561. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021262.08412020. Acesso em: 15 Abril 2021.
KRUEGER, M.H; ROTH, T.; DEMET, W.C. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4º. Filadélfia, Pensilvânia, EUA: Elservier Saunders. 2005.
SIEGEL, J.M. Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Nature. 437. pp. 1264–1271. doi: 10.1038 / nature04285. Disponível em: <https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04285>. Acesso em: 03 mai. 2021.
XIAO, H. et al. Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. vol. 26 e923921. 20 Mar. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111105/>. Doi:10.12659/MSM.923921. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021.
DENT, R.R.M. et al. Diurnal rhythm of plasma immunoreactive β- endorfina e sua relação com estágios de sono e ritmos plasmáticos de cortisol e prolactina. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.52 (5): 942–947.1981. doi: 10.1210 / jcem-52-5-942.
van Cauter E., Leproult R., Plat L. Age-Related Changes in Slow Wave Sleep and REM Sleep and Relationship With Growth Hormone and Cortisol Levels in Healthy Men. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000; 284 (7): 861–868. doi: 10.1001 / jama.284.7.861. Disponível em: <https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/192981>.
XIA, S. et al. Long Term Culture of Human Kidney Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells Maintains Lineage Functions and Serves as an Ex vivo Model for Coronavirus Associated Kidney Injury. Virologica Sinica [Internet]. 2020; 35:311–320. Disponível em: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12250-020-00253-y>. DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00253-y. Acesso em: 16 Abril 2021.
MORIN, C. M. et al. Sleep and circadian rhythm in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Public Health. 2020 Oct;111(5):654-657. doi: 10.17269/s41997-020-00382-7. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32700231; PMCID: PMC7375451. Disponível em: < https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32700231/>. Acesso em: 20 Abril 2021.
DANTAS, E.S.O. Saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde no Brasil no contexto da pandemia por Covid-19. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação [online]. v. 25, suppl 1, e200203. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.200203>. ISSN 1807-5762. https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.200203. Disponível em: <https://scielosp.org/article/icse/2021.v25suppl1/e200203/pt/#> Acesso em 7 mai 2021.
CAVALCANTE, J.R. et al . COVID-19 no Brasil: evolução da epidemia até a semana epidemiológica 20 de 2020. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde, Brasília , v. 29, n. 4, e2020376, set. 2020 . Disponível em <http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi49742020000400016&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Epub 05-Ago-2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742020000400010. Acesso em: 07 mai. 2021.
WHO. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. In: WHO- World Health Organization. WHO (COVID-19) Homepage. Disponível em: <https://covid19.who.int/>. Acesso em 7 mai 2021 às 11h36min.
BRASIL. Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde. Brasil. Painel Coronavírus. CORONAVÍRUS BRASIL. Atualizado em:06/05/2021 19:00. Disponível em: <https://covid.saude.gov.br/>Acesso em 7 mai 2021 às 12h36min.
REDDY, S.; REDDY, V.; SHARMA, S. Physiology, Circadian Rhythm. [Updated 2020 Jul 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Jan. 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519507/#>. Acesso em: 27 de abr. 2021.
RUIZ, F.S.A; TUFIK, S. Aspectos imunológicos do sono. In: Paiva T, Andersen ML, Tufik S, eds. O sono e a medicina do sono. Barueri: Manole; 2014. p.124-3.
SILVA, E.S.M; ONO, B.H.V.; SOUZA, J. C. Sono e imunidade em tempos de COVID-19. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras., São Paulo, v. 66, supl. 2, pág. 143-147, 2020. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi42302020001400143&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub em 21 de setembro de 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.s2.143. Acesso em: 27 de abr. 2021.
IRWIN, M. R. Why Sleep Is Important for Health: a Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, Palo Alto, v.66, n.1, p.143-172, jan. 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961463/pdf/nihms804179.pdf>. Acesso em: 07 mai. 2021.
BRITO-MARQUES, J. M. de A.M. et al . Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sleep quality of medical professionals in Brazil. Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr., São Paulo, v. 79, n. 2, p. 149-155, Feb. 2021. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi282X2021000200149&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub Mar 19, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0449. Acesso em: 23 abr. 2021.
BEZERRA, A.C.V. et al . Fatores associados ao comportamento da população durante o isolamento social na pandemia de COVID-19. Ciênc. saúde coletiva, Rio de Janeiro , v. 25, supl. 1, p. 2411-2421, June 2020. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi81232020006702411&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub June 05, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10792020. Acesso em: 04 mai. 2021.
LIMA, ROSSANO CABRAL. Distanciamento e isolamento sociais pela Covid-19 no Brasil: impactos na saúde mental. Physis, Rio de Janeiro , v. 30, n. 2, e300214, 2020 . Epub July 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-73312020300214. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi73312020000200313&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 06 mai. 2021.
21- DENG J. et al. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021 Feb;1486(1):90-111. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14506. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PMID: 33009668; PMCID: PMC7675607. Disponível em: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33009668/>. Acesso em: 23 Abril 2021.
SHENG, X. et al. Psychological status and sleep quality of nursing interns during the outbreak of COVID-19. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2020 Mar 30;40(3):346-350. Chinese. doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.09. PMID: 32376580; PMCID: PMC7167307. Disponível em: < https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32376580/>. Acesso em: 22 Abril 2021.
DEMIR, C.F.; BILEK, F.; BALGETIR, F. Neuropsychiatric changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in multiple sclerosis patients. Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.,São Paulo, v. 78, n. 9, p. 570-575, Sept. 2020. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi282X2020000900570&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub Sep 23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20200122. Acesso em: 22 Abril 2021.
SANTOS-COELHO, F.M. Impacto da privação de sono sobre cérebro, comportamento e emoções. Med Int Mex. v. 36(Suppl: 1):17-19.2020. Disponível em: <https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/medintmex/mim-2020/mims201f.pdf>. Acesso em: 06 mai. 2021.
SILVA, E.S.M.; ONO, B.H.V.S.; SOUZA, J.C. Sleep and immunity in times of COVID-19. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.,São Paulo, v. 66, supl. 2, p. 143-147, 2020 . Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi42302020001400143&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Epub Sep 21, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.s2.143. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021.
IRWIN, M.; OPP, M. Sleep Health: Reciprocal Regulation of Sleep and Innate Immunity. Neuropsychopharmacol. 42, 129–155. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.148. Disponível em: <https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2016148#citeas>. Acesso em: 30 de abr. 2021.
IBARRA-CORONADO, E.G. et al. The Bidirectional Relationship between Sleep and Immunity against Infections. Journal of immunology research. vol. 2015: 678164. doi:10.1155/2015/678164. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568388/>. Acesso em: 07 de mai. 2021.
HUANG, S. et al. Persistent Somatic Symptom Burden and Sleep Disturbance in Patients with COVID-19 During Hospitalization and After Discharge: A Prospective Cohort Study. Med Sci Monit.;27:e930447. 2021. doi: 10.12659/MSM.930447. PMID: 33854028. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8057653/>. Acesso em: 27 de abr. 2021.
LIU, K.et al. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. v. 39, 2020, 101132. ISSN 1744-3881. 2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1744388120302784>. Acesso em: 29 de abr. 2021.
ZANUTO, E.A.C.et al. Distúrbios do sono em adultos de uma cidade do Estado de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia [online]. v. 18, n. 1, pp. 42-53. 2015. Epub Jan-Mar 2015. ISSN 1980-5497. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201500010004. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201500010004>. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.
MARELLI, S. et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff. J Neurol. Jan;268(1):8-15. 2021. Disponível em: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32654065/>. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10056-6. Epub 2020 Jul 11. PMID: 32654065; PMCID: PMC7353829. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021.
RAMÍREZ-ORTIZ, J.; FONTECHA-HERNÁNDEZ, J.; ESCOBAR-CÓRDOBA, F. Effects of social isolation on sleep during the covid- 19 pandemic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.801. Disponível em: <https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/view/801>. Acesso em: 26 Abr. 2021
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